Reconstruction or Deconstruction Essay -- American America History

Reconstruction or DeconstructionFollowing The War for Confederate Independence the radical republicans of the North took unjust measures over the conquered and impoverished social structure, delivery and governments of the foiled southern states. In fact, the whole idea of reconstruction was in fact deconstruction. Reconstruction was not to heal the nations wounds, or to stintingally revitalize the south (which it did not). Indeed, Reconstruction was scotchally destructive to the South. The purpose was to continue the economic plundering of the Southern states for as long as possible, and to establish a national Republican party semipolitical monopoly. Congress Passes the Reconstruction ActOn March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act and thus abolished local civil government in the southern states. It divided the southern states into five military districts-each commanded by a battalion of Federal troops to insure that southern whites were held in total subjugatio n to every radical Republican policy of the northern politicians. During this reconstruction end many Northerners came southward to take unfair advantage of a destroyed economic and governmental structure in order to gain political and or financial advantage. These greedy opportunists were self-seeking in their quest to exploit the South. With no adhesion what so ever to the quiet, peaceful Southerners the Northerners attempted to implement their beliefs and shipway of life upon the grieving Southerners. CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers were supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed all their weordly goods into a carpetbag clasp at the wars end and had come South to seek private power and profit (2). Although these carpetbagger... ...es offered no financial assistance to the Confederate veteran, while at the same(p) time passing laws legalizing their misappropriation of public finds for their own self-centred gain. AftermathFollowing the war, what lasted from 1865 to 1866 was th e greatest trial that the South had to bear, not excepting the terrible ordeal of war. No people had to undergo so dark a period with such complications. The cost to the South was great, but her citizens didnt lose hope, yet began to work with a forget to revoke all improper and corrupt enactment, to restore economy in public expenditures, to reduce taxation, to do away with useless offices, to make schools efficient, and to build up waste places. history will certainly condemn the legislation that entailed such misery, such corruption, and such extravagant expansion of the money of an impoverished and crushed people. Reconstruction or Deconstruction Essay -- American America HistoryReconstruction or DeconstructionFollowing The War for Southern Independence the radical Republicans of the North took unjust measures over the conquered and impoverished social structure, economy and governments of the defeated southern states. In fact, the whole idea of reconstructio n was in fact deconstruction. Reconstruction was not to heal the nations wounds, or to economically revitalize the South (which it did not). Indeed, Reconstruction was economically destructive to the South. The purpose was to continue the economic plundering of the Southern states for as long as possible, and to establish a national Republican party political monopoly. Congress Passes the Reconstruction ActOn March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act and thus abolished local civil government in the southern states. It divided the southern states into five military districts-each commanded by a battalion of Federal troops to insure that southern whites were held in total subjugation to every radical Republican policy of the northern politicians. During this reconstruction period many Northerners came southward to take unfair advantage of a destroyed economic and governmental structure in order to gain political and or financial advantage. These greedy opportunists were se lf-seeking in their quest to exploit the South. With no regard what so ever to the quiet, peaceful Southerners the Northerners attempted to implement their beliefs and ways of life upon the grieving Southerners. CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers were supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed all their weordly goods into a carpetbag suitcase at the wars end and had come South to seek personal power and profit (2). Although these carpetbagger... ...es offered no financial assistance to the Confederate veteran, while at the same time passing laws legalizing their misappropriation of public finds for their own selfish gain. AftermathFollowing the war, what lasted from 1865 to 1866 was the greatest trial that the South had to bear, not excepting the terrible ordeal of war. No people had to undergo so dark a period with such complications. The cost to the South was great, but her citizens didnt lose hope, yet began to work with a will to revoke all improper and corrupt legislation, to restor e economy in public expenditures, to reduce taxation, to do away with useless offices, to make schools efficient, and to build up waste places. History will certainly condemn the legislation that entailed such misery, such corruption, and such extravagant expansion of the money of an impoverished and crushed people.

The Unscrupulous Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

In William Shakespeares play, Othello, there is an example of evil personified. He is the char deed of conveyanceer of Iago, and he wreaks mayhem and destruction on all those under his influence. As the play develops, we see unfolded a plethora of lies, deceptions and clever schemes. Iago seizes every opportunity to advance his malicious envision to his advantage. Greed and jealousy play a major role as a motive for his various schemes. Iago first reveals his cunning and unscrupulous behavior in his encounter with Rodrigo. Iago easily controls Rodrigo and he is very aware of his power over him. He throws to use his influence over him for his own good. He shows this by facial expression Thus do I ever make my fool my purse For I mine own gained knowledge should profane If I would time dangle with such a snipe. We learn that Iago has a secret hatred for both Othello and Cassio. Iago says he hates Othello because he has denied Iago a promotion and for Cassio because he now occupies Iagos desire position of lieutenant. His motive is to seek revenge upon both these characters. Rodrigo has a shared hatred for Othello for his own and when he suggests he would not serve him, Iago reveilles his scheming plan for Othello by saying to him O, sir, content you. I will follow him to serve my turn upon him. By saying this Iago shows that he plans to cleverly trick Othello of being liege to him and then eventually use him for his own ends. In his first attempt to bring down Othello, he and Rodrigo tell Brabantio that Othello has kidnapped his daughter Desdemona. This is a dishonorable act as this is definitely a lie and told to Desdemonas father only to anger him towards Othello. Brabantio is also a senator and has the power to dismiss Othello from hi... ...s. Two Worldviews Echo Each Other. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p. n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. Othello A Tra gedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.

Uzbekistan: Economy :: essays research papers fc

OverviewUzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now the worlds second largest cotton exporter, a large manufacturing business of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and apparatusry. The IMF suspended Uzbekistans $185 million standby arrangement in late 1996 because of government steps to the negative external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian pecuniary export and currency controls within its already largely closed economy. Economic policies that have repelled foreign investment are a major factor in the economys stagnation. A growing debt burden, persistent inflation, and a poor business climate led to disappointing growth in 2001. However, in celestial latitude 2001 the government voiced a renewed interest in economic reform, want advice from the IMF and other financial instit utions (World 7). After independence, Uzbekistan tried to support inefficient conjure enterprises and shield consumers from the shocks of rapid economic reform. These policies eventually led to severe inflation and an economic crisis. Reforms brought inflation down to manageable levels and small businesses began to grow. Larger institutions are seeking joint ventures with international corporations. However, currency and trade restrictions remain too tight to encourage significant foreign investment. Falling global gold, copper, and cotton prices also wound the economy. A privatization program is slowly being implemented with international support. Privatization is necessary to raise hard currency and promote economic development (Republic 4). GDP buying power parity$62 one million million (2001 est.)GDPper capita purchasing power parity$2,500 (2001est.)GDPcomposition by sector agriculture 33% intentness 24% services 43% (2001 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices) 23% (2001 est. )Labor force 11.9 million (1998 est.) Labor forceby occupation agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995)Unemployment rate 10% plus another 20% underemployed (1999 est.) Budgetrevenues $4billion expenditures $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.1 billion (1999 est.) Industries textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, natural gas, and chemicalsIndustrial production growth rate 3.5% (2000) Electricityproduction 40.075 billion kWh (2000) Electricityproduction by source fossil fuel 86.95% hydro 13.05% atomic 0% other 0% (2000) Electricityconsumption 4189 billion kWh (2000) Electricityexports 4.1 billion kWh (2000) Electricityimports 5 billion kWh (2000)Agricultureproducts cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain livestock Exports $2.8 billion (2001 est.) Exportscommodities cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, and automobiles (1998 est.)Exportspartners Russia16.7%, Switzerland 8.3%, UK 7.2%Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe Imports $4.1 billion (1998)

Essay --

During Thomas Jeffersons presidency, he completed a series of transactions that made America what it is today. The most famous of these transactions was the Louisiana Purchase. He bought a lengthy stretch of land spanning from the obvious (Louisiana) to Montana. This land was bought for approx. 15 million. This translates to about 234 million dollars in todays money (about 42 cents per acre).1 In order to explore this newfound territory, Thomas Jefferson sent two pals off into the wilderness, along with 31 other men. These two men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.Meriwether Lewis was born in 1774 at his familys estate in Virginia. When Lewis was five, his father died of pneumonia and his mother shortly remarried with a retired army officer. When Meriwether was 13, he returned to Virginia and began his schooling. In 1794, Lewis signed up for the army, where he was sent to ease the Whisky Rebellion along with 13000 other Virginians. One of these men was William Clark. The purs uit year, Lewis joined the army of General Mad Anthony Wayne. He was quick transferred to the Chosen go away Company, which was led than none other than William Clark. The two quickly became friends but not long after being transferred, General Clark had to resign do to health problems. The following February, he was invited by his friend and president, Thomas Jefferson to serve as his personal secretary. The President proposed his plan to explore the United States new territory, and Lewis quickly volunteered to go. In 1803, congress approved and Meriwether began to get ready. He sent a letter to his old friend, William Clark, asking him if he wanted to go with him. He agree and the two left with 31 other men in the spring of 1804.Willi... ...e, unlike his best friend Meriwether. Sacagawea settled down with her French husband and hexad years after returning from their journey, gave birth to a daughter. No one knows if this daughter lived. In 1812, William Clark legally adopted b oth of Sacagaweas Children. In the twentieth century, a theory developed that Sacagawea instead lived to the age of 100 and was buried on the Wind River Indian Reservation. After close speculation, this theory was sent to outride by most historians, but you can believe what you like. William Clark, Meriwether Lewis, and Sacagawea remained friends long after their journey, and it is somewhat obvious due to the many respectful comments and other notes that involved the opinions and their friends that these battalion influenced each other greatly. These 35 people that returned to Virginia can be considered some of Americas greatest explorers.

Vlad The Impaler, The True Dracula Essay -- essays research papers

Vlad the Impaler, a.k.a. Vlad III, genus Dracula, Drakulya, or Tepes, was born in late 1431, in the citadel of Sighisoara, Transylvania, the son of Vlad II or Dracul, a military governor, appointed by holy place Roman Emperor Sigismund. Vlad Dracul was also a knight in the Order of the Dragon, a secret fraternity created in 1387 by the Emperor, sworn to uphold Christianity and conduct the empire against the Islamic Turks. Transylvania, along with Moldavia, and Wallachia, are now joined together as Romania. The name Dracul can be interpreted in two ways, the primary translation from Romanian would be "Dragon", but it sometimes also means "Devil". Vlad was not called Tepes, which means ""spike" in Romanian, until after his decease instead, he was known as Vlad Dracula, the added "a" meaning "son of", so essentially, throughout his life, he was known as the "son of the Devil". While ontogeny up with such a name would normally pres ent problems for most of us, Vlad certainly did not seem to mind, as he really did live up to his title but before we look upon the exploits of the son, let us learn a bit more about the father. In 1436, Vlad Dracul took over the throne of Wallachia, winning up residence in the palace of Tirgoviste. It was there young Vlad Dracula would get his first taste of the opulent lifestyle, and perhaps also where the beast deep down would begin to grow. Merely two years later, in a strange turn of events, Vlad II betrayed the Order of the Dracul, forming an alliance with the Turks. He even went as off the beaten track(predicate) as allowing Sultan Murad II to keep his two sons, Vlad Dracula, and his younger brother Radu, as "insurance" that he would not plan to strike against the Turks.In the spend of 1447, Vlad Dracul was assassinated in a coup orchestrated by one of his relatives, John Hunyadi, who had devoted his life to fighting the Ottoman Turks, and did not approve of Vlad Draculs pro-Turkish policy. Vlad Dracula was granted his freedom following his fathers death, but Radu decided to stay behind. In addition to learning of his fathers demise, Vlad was also told his older brother, Mircea had had his eyes gouged out, and been buried alive by the boyars of Tirgoviste. While in captivity, Vlad had grown resentful, and vowed to squander his revenge. The throne of Wallachia, which would have normally been reserve... ...ese veins?" He held up his arms. "Is it a wonder that we were a conquering race, that we were proud, that when the Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back?" Count Dracula alsop ststes that "Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danubeand beat the Turk on his own ground?" wagon train Helsing explains that another way to insure a vampire will not return is to cut off its head. Vlad the Impaler was rumored to have been decapita ted. Van Helsing also theorizes that "He must, indeed, have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk." In Francis Ford Coppolas feature film "Bram Stokers Dracula", actor Gary Oldman is shown wearing an armor sporting the "Order of the Dragon" insignia, and a fair amount of background is given on the Character which was not in the book but is based on the historical Vlad Dracula. Again, In Coppolas adaptation, Prince Vlad Draculas wife Elisabeta is shown committing suicide to avoid capture in exactly the same manner as Vlad the Impalers wife during the capture of his castle by the Turks.

Vlad The Impaler, The True Dracula Essay -- essays research papers

Vlad the Impaler, a.k.a. Vlad III, Dracula, Drakulya, or Tepes, was born in late 1431, in the citadel of Sighisoara, Transylvania, the son of Vlad II or Dracul, a military governor, appointed by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Vlad Dracul was also a knight in the Order of the flying lizard, a secret fraternity created in 1387 by the Emperor, sworn to keep Christianity and defend the empire against the Islamic Turks. Transylvania, along with Moldavia, and Wallachia, are now joined together as Romania. The name Dracul can be interpreted in cardinal ways, the first translation from Romanian would be "Dragon", but it sometimes also means "Devil". Vlad was not called Tepes, which means ""spike" in Romanian, until afterward his death instead, he was known as Vlad Dracula, the added "a" meaning "son of", so essentially, throughout his life, he was known as the "son of the Devil". magical spell growing up with such a name would normally present problems for most of us, Vlad certainly did not seem to mind, as he really did abide up to his title but before we look upon the exploits of the son, let us learn a bit more about the father. In 1436, Vlad Dracul took over the nates of Wallachia, taking up residence in the palace of Tirgoviste. It was there young Vlad Dracula would get his first taste of the opulent lifestyle, and perhaps also where the living creature within would begin to grow. Merely two years later, in a strange turn of events, Vlad II betrayed the Order of the Dracul, forming an alliance with the Turks. He even went as far as allowing Sultan Murad II to keep his two sons, Vlad Dracula, and his younger brother Radu, as "insurance" that he would not plan to strike against the Turks.In the winter of 1447, Vlad Dracul was assassinated in a coup orchestrated by one of his relatives, John Hunyadi, who had devoted his life to fighting the Ottoman Turks, and did not admire of Vlad Draculs pro-Turkis h policy. Vlad Dracula was granted his freedom following his fathers death, but Radu decided to stay behind. In addition to learning of his fathers demise, Vlad was also told his older brother, Mircea had had his eyes gouged out, and been buried awake(p) by the boyars of Tirgoviste. While in captivity, Vlad had grown resentful, and vowed to have his revenge. The throne of Wallachia, which would have normally been reserve... ...ese veins?" He held up his arms. "Is it a wonder that we were a conquering race, that we were proud, that when the Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back?" Count Dracula alsop ststes that "Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danubeand beat the Turk on his own cause?" Van Helsing explains that another way to insure a vampire will not return is to cut off its head. Vlad the Impaler was rumored to have been decapitated. Van Helsing also theori zes that "He must, indeed, have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk." In Francis Ford Coppolas feature film "Bram Stokers Dracula", actor Gary Oldman is shown wearing an armor sporting the "Order of the Dragon" insignia, and a fair amount of background is given on the Character which was not in the book but is based on the historical Vlad Dracula. Again, In Coppolas adaptation, Prince Vlad Draculas wife Elisabeta is shown committing suicide to avoid capture in exactly the same manner as Vlad the Impalers wife during the capture of his castle by the Turks.

Patients and Cancer

This paper explores different peer-reviewed obligates that attempts to shed some light on the phenomenon of the lived bring forth of patients with cancer sponsoring the circumstance that individuality is a huge factor in the economic aid of cancer patients. Manu types of cancers exist and patients should be treated as individuals versus as a disease or diagnosis. As oncology nurses we accumulate knowledge on a daily basis that whitethorn be revised in practice. Therefore, it becomes our innate duty to visit the literature and gain the understanding and evidence that will help us in improving our practice of nursing.The articles, however, vary in the type of cancer with different sermon modalities and the collection methods but harbor the commonality of all participants being diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. The findings showed that patients have many unmet psycho amicable and emotional needs among others but exercise apply when family support is present. These s hortcomings or gaps in knowledge can alter how care is received and administered. We as nurses, have a lot of work to do in assisting patients feel more(prenominal) individualized with the diagnosis of Cancer.Each day in practice we meet new patients and see old ones and we may see them smile or get pathetic or display other emotions but as nurses do non take enough clock to find go forth what our patients face and how they handle their diagnoses of cancer. As nurses we get so wrapped up in our daily tasks. Cancer is an experience that can threaten not only the finish of ones life, but also touch all aspects of the persons existence, devising it strong to them and if it is significant to them then it should also be the same to us.Cancer also imposes so many burdens on patients, families and the society at large. So large that it is labeled the silent orca and will overtake disease as top killer by the end of 2010 (foxnews. com). I chose this topic because I realize the gap in knowledge and communication between what happens to patients between diagnoses, treatment and discharge, up to the time they return for follow -up cycles to the time they may hear that the cancer has either metastasis or have been cured (in remission).Just knowing that your life will salmagundi is significant enough. We, as nurses are first line in the patient care area. The Doctor walks in and tells the patient that they have cancer and then walk out and the nurse is approach with the aftermath, the questions and the emotions that follow. The nurse is also the one that administers the chemotherapy and various radiation treatments and again is faced with questions and emotions. At discharge the nurse again becomes the one that is faced with questions and emotions.It may not be possible to answer all the questions and for the ones that we are not sure of, we can refer or ask the doctor to develop but having the knowledge of what it may be like for these cancer patients can help with how we approach these questions and the treatment options. Having this knowledge can help in damage of support, teaching, prevention and alleviation of suffering, enabling us to give more culturally congruent care. Literature Review In Arber et al. s (2008) article on the lived experience of patients with pleural mesothelioma it was found that these patients had many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs and that there was a lack of discipline provided to patients . A feeling of isolation was also reported. All patients and care givers go through frustration due to the physical experience (Arber et al. , 2008). It was showed that these patients wanted to tell their stories and wanted people to listen. The methodology was phenomenology which was appropriate for the study with unstructured interview questions allowing for participants to tattle their mind and their experiences.As nurses sometimes we are unsure of what to say for fear of saying the wrong thing. There was also evidence of loss of intimacy with partners. Macmillan Cancer support (2006) states that four out of ten couples where one partner has cancer report sexual problems (Arber et al. , 2008). The study was done only on patients with mesothelioma and was real small making it hard to generalize to other cancer areas. The patients and families were only from a specialist palliative community center assuming that these patients had incurable mesothelioma.Benzein et al. , (2005) studied cancer in palliative care in home care and made hope the center of the study. The findings showed that the participants used hope to live as normally as possible. The center of the experience of hope seemed to be a will to live for a while longer (Benzein et al. , 2005). The structural analysis revealed the hope of being cured, a hope of living as normally as possible, a presence of confirmative relationships and reconciliation with life and death.The commonality between this article and Arber et al. , 2008 is that these cancers were incurable, however in this article the study group was a mix of males and females ages 54-83 with a median age of 65. The previous article failed to reveal the ages of the participants, making it difficult to concern practice. The other battle is that the latter was done in the patients own homes while the study on patients with mesothelioma was done in a different setting that may influence the outcome.Being surrounded by loved ones in the home setting would allow the patient to feel more human, than being in a infirmary setting where they are just another patient and loved ones may not be able to visit at lib, which in the end has a negative impact on recovery. Demir et al. , (2008) in their quest to understand the experience of breast cancer survivors that underwent biopsies used a phenomenological approach to reveal three themes that were unambiguous among participants, namely, the need for information, fear and spiritual needs.The study also sugge sts that results may be different considering different emotional investments in their breasts, sociocultural factors and age. The study was a very small group of twenty with the interviews being held in an unused room outside the clinic before the patients postoperative visits. Having the interviews on postoperative days may promote aggravate feelings of fear that could invalidate the study. When compared to the study done by Perreault et al. , (2005) similarities were evident as participants exhibited fear and uncertainty. This study studied women with breast cancer and examined their experiences.Both studies used the interpretive phenomenological approach to gain insights. What this study included that would help with validity that Demir et al. , (2008) did not include was the staging. The staging of the cancer can have a great impact on the emotions and fear and response to experience. This sample size was only six person who lowered the reliability and generalizability. Lacey, (2005), searched breast cancer and support aides revealed that participants were determine as being too overwhelmed and stressed to make decisions about their care.They trusted their physicians to make the appropriate choices and appreciated and welcomed the support of family members. They also uttered hope. These same sentiments were echoed slimly in Demir et al. , (2008) and Perreault et al. , (2005). All 3 studies involved breast cancer and the study method was the same and even though the same size and ages may have varied, it may prove to offer some insight as to what these women face adding to the validity. All 3 papers also suggest that more research may be necessary to facilitate the different decision- making and emotional abilities. The definite commonality express and assumed mong all these articles so far is the need for information especially at different stages. Molen, (2000) study sought to identify the different information needed for people with cancer. Adequa te, appropriate and timely information can be a key element for many people in managing the experience of cancer. Different themes emerged from the research. There was a deficit in information regarding self-identity, body image, and family, social and work relationships. A cancer diagnoses impacts all areas of an individuals life, and life management information is equally as important as medical information. Molen, 2000). Cancer was viewed as an intrusion and illness engendered feelings of vulnerability that impacted on their normal coping mechanisms. This research had six participants all with different types of cancer with ages ranging from 45 to 65. The end results showed feelings and questions received on a daily basis but the sample size was so small and the age range was so limited that may lessen the reliability. However, further research may be needed to identify the different ages when information becomes such a deciding factor or the touch on of information since all th e participants were older.Similarly, information needs proved to be a big part of the equation as evidenced in another research study done by Molen (2005). However the type of information, the amount and to what depth varied considerably between individuals proving that information needs are unlikely to perch static and consequently, will change throughout the cancer experience. The literature highlights the importance of information giving, however many problems are encountered with its provision. People with cancer frequently express dissatisfaction with the information given to them and experience difficulty in retaining and processing information.The cancer experience invariably begins before the point of diagnoses and information needs clearly change over time. (Molen 2005) Jones et al. , (2006) in researching the lived experience showed similarity with the Molen, (2000) themes that emerged from the different stories including changing concepts of self, the significant of rela tionships, being different from the past and temporality. These patients were bone marrow transplant candidates who were experiencing a potful of emotions that they believed were affecting them negatively.From their stories it was clear that all participants underwent many physical and emotional changes. Taking it to a different level Meenaghan et al. , (2010) researched elderly patients and their lived experience and concluded that all participants see fear and shock at diagnoses but also experienced hope despite their age. With good support from family and friends participants exhibited hope and revealed that they learned to cope with the diagnoses and its treatments. As expressed in Perreault et al. (2005), the same fear and uncertainty was revealed and the same method of data collection and interview was used. Walker et al. , (2009) attempted to understand the lived experience of cancer patients undergoing photodynamic therapy. epitome of the data yielded six themes, the impa ct on day to- day life, existential meaning, the physical effects of treatment, and the kaleidoscope of emotions, information gap and family burden. This article summarizes all the feelings expressed by all the previously reviewed articles.If not all a least one of the articles expressed the same feelings which leads nurses to believe that these are the expected emotions, fears and expressions that can be experienced and that we all should be mindful of the factors that to suffering and the nursing interventions that can be used to address these multiple dimensions of suffering. All these studies used the phenomenological approach which is appropriate and if not the interpretative design the descriptive. Sample sizes and ages vary but the information and end results remained the same or close to the same throughout this literature review.

Large technology based corporation

1) Why carly didnt bring sooner to discuss come out delayCarly knew she was the problem because she caused the delay by not delegating the protrusion subject argona to Morris and other squad members. She wanted Morris and other team member to be blamed for non-performance. She wanted things to worsen so that other members can be sucked for he feared that they were more experienced than him. He mistreated them so that they can give up and quit the job.2) Carly hasnt had a conversation with Morris or vice versa some their differencesThis is because they lacked the skills of a good communicator. They did not have the ability to communicate to people at all levels. There was no clear communication about their responsibility, how they are supposed to perfom, goals and their expectations. Carly viewed Morris as her rival. She was negative about Morris and could not accept him. Carly thought Morris would contradict with her and disagree with her. She is feeling inferior to Morris beca use Morris had a higher level of layer than her.How they should respondThey should be open to each other, negotiate effectively and persuade each other to ensure that success is achieved. This will support both soul and achievement of the team by getting guidelines on how to accomplish the results. They should get to actualize one some other and know where they contradict and accept one another the way he or she is.3) Biggest problem with the way these team members interactThey lack team building skills because they lack substances that hold the team together which is wholeness and cooperation to achieve common objective. They do not understand the process of transformation required to progress from being strangers to each other to being a hit unit which is cohesive. There are no leadership styles to be used at each stage of developing the team. They lack understanding of each team player and how each of them can be used at the proper time to solve problem one time it arise.W hat they could do to remedy the problemThey should understand one anothers strengths and weaknesses and try to cope with them instead of keep offing each other. They should be ready to accept correction once they do a slue knowing or not knowing. They should take advice given by those in higher authority and follow the instructions given to them. Problems should be shared once they arise and look for solutions together. Cooperation between team members should be emphasized and also unity in order to strengthen the team.4) Should carly continue to serve as encounter manager?I think carly should not continue to serve as a project manager because she lacks the ability to delegate task, she is notable to check and harbour the project. She does not allow Morris and other team members to participate in the project in order to complete it. She is not delegating the work and at the resembling time not able to complete it by herself.Carly lacked leadership competence because she is not able to lead others successfully, she has not won any track recruit and has no ability to inspire team members, challenge or encourage them to put more effort in their job. For these reason, the post of the project manager should be given to another person who is experienced and committed to his job.5) How I would begin to address this situationI would call carly, Morris and the team members together, listen to their problems and discuss the solutions together. devise to remedy this problemTeam building skills the team should come together to achieve the objective of the corporation. The main objective would be to complete the project at the set time and strive to meet the deadline on when all the activities should be completed.Transformation the team should understand each other, know their abilities and talents and know how each of them contributes to the sucess of the corporation. They should come up together and build a unit that utilizes all its ability to be successful.Lead ership styles the manager should know how to lead the team and offer advice where necessary. She should be listened to and his decision should be final even after conversation with the team members. The leader should have the ability to make wise decisions that will not debase other team members.Understanding they should know how each team member can be resourceful and know his contribution in solving problems. compend OF A PLAN FOR GETTING THE PROJECT BACK ON TRACK FOR JANUARY L RELEASEIntroductionKey methods of preventing the failure of the projectBeginning the project in the right wayPrevent all the problems before you beginFinalize what is required of youAgree on the scope of the projectorganizing project to avoid problemsKnow all the steps in designningFinalize the objectives of the projectGet all the required resources and keep thenKnow the duration interpreted to finish the projectEmphasize on preventing the problem rather than reactionGet a realistic planFinalize on how to manage the projectDevelop final plan of management and ensure it is approvedgetting work doneAlways stay focused and avoid time wasting. hire questions to know how the project is going onKnow performance and how the project is doingRetain corporation by use of rewards and building teamUpdate the plan to make sure the project always stays on trackproving your successConfirm that the job is done to the requirementsBe signed off formerly by the managerCelebrate success of the projectREFERENCELewis James Fundamentals of Project Management Amacom Division Mgt,2002

Seat Belt Laws

Jennifer Isaac English 112 November 10, 2011 Say Yes to Life and Saving Money As I sit at a red light, a car rushes past and collides with an new(prenominal) fomite in the intersection. I call 911 then, after a few minutes, an ambulance pulls up on the scene. The EMT pulled a man from his car his head a bloody mess from the impact with the windshield. They put him in the ambulance, after a bit of trouble acquiring him on the stretcher, and rush him to the emergency room. Later that night while watching the six oclock news I see an interview with the patrol chief he states that the man died in the hospital.However, the device driver likely would have lived if he would have been erupting his foundation swath. With scenes such as this, it is evident that potty belt laws should be in effect as well as enforced. Vehicle fatalities have a big impact on mortality evaluate and insurance premiums therefore, enforcing merchantman belt laws can have a positive effect on society. Automob iles have progressed through the years, and have become quick, yet the faster you go the greater the impact when an accident occurs.Federal and State agencies have developed speed limits and other guidelines, which when enforced, help keep passengers safe. Even though these laws argon in place, accidents still occur however, when the proper precautions are taken, risks can be minimized. As technology progresses so will fomites therefore, safety will continue to be a major concern. It is up to the motorists to decide to break-dance a seat belt, yet law enforcement officers are the ones who are there to enforce seat belt laws. nooky belts are installed into every car and truck, but should we have to wear them?Every state has a different law about who does and does non have to wear them, but in the state of Indiana if you are in a car that is equipped with seat belts and anyone above the age of 14 you are needed to wear a seat belt. Also, children must use the correct car seat for their weight until they reach 135 centimeters tall or their 12th birthday, whichever comes first. thither are several other reasons that you do non need to wear a seat belt such as if you are a driver who is reversing, or supervising a learner driver who is reversing, in a vehicle used for police, fire, and rescue services, a assenger in a trade vehicle and you are investigating a fault, driving a good vehicle on deliveries that is traveling no more than 50 meters between heads, or a licensed taxi driver who is playing for hire or carrying passengers (Using, 1). If there is a reason that you cannot wear a seat belt due to aescu thrashian reasons, your doctor must issue you a Certificate of Exemption for Compulsory Seat Belt Wearing. You must keep this in your car at all times and handy if a police officer pulls you all over.There are strict seat belt laws world-wide but, according to statistics, they are hardly followed. Approximately 50% of lives will be saved in an accident i f pile wear seat belts. Seat belt safety statistics show that nighly the younger universe of discourse between the age groups 16-35 is hardly found habiliment seat belts. Seat belt facts also prove that 70% of the people wearing a seat belt have prevented injuries even on meeting with an accident. It is found that nearly 10,000 lives can be saved every year only by wearing a seat belt (Pandit 1).According to studies cited by the Independence Institute, When subjects who normally did not wear seat belts were asked to do so, they were observed to drive faster, followed more closely, and braked later. In other words, people who are naturally cautious voluntarily choose to wear seat belts, and voluntarily drive safely. When reckless people are forced to wear seat belts, they compensate for the increased safety by driving more recklessly. Furthermore, no jurisdiction that has passed a seat belt law has shown evidence of a reduction in road accident death. (Veksler 1) Seat belts were designed to save peoples lives, this only works if they are worn correctly or even at all. Many people do not wear their seatbelts be get to they do not believe in their efficacy, because they have heard that wearing seat belts might really cost them their lives in certain types of accidents (Mikkelson 1). The constitution allows everyone to have the freedom rights, but how fair is it for the government to dictate what we can and cant do when it comes to wearing a seat belt. The U. S. subject area Highway Safety Bureau first required automobile manufacturers to install lap belts for all seating and shoulder belts for front seats in 1968 however, most Americans did not regularly use safety belts until 1984, when the first state laws were passed mandating seat belt use. As of today, there are 48 states in which it is illegal for a driver or passenger to travel without a seat belt (the exceptions are Maine and New Hampshire). Of those 48 states, 10 have simple enforcement, meaning that police can stop and ticket a motorist simply for not wearing a seat belt.The other 38 states with seat belt laws have secondary enforcement, meaning that police can only ticket people not wearing seat belts if they pull the car over for some other reason. If not all states have to wear them, then why make it a law? Many fatalities that are related to vehicle accidents can be avoided if the occupants wear their seat belts. Some say seat belts can be the cause of deaths. Although this may be true, it is proven that in most cases seat belts are far more likely to save a life than kill the occupants of a vehicle.As written in the World Almanac and defy of Facts, In 2006, safety belts and child restraints saved an estimated 15,808 lives (U. S. push 1746). Seat belts do save lives therefore, the laws that promote their use should be enforced. When police have the authority to stop a motorist solely for not wearing a seat belt, which is called primary law, motorists have more of a r eason to wear their seat belts. Furthermore, vehicle insurance premiums could decrease if seat belt laws are followed.It makes sense that insurance companies charge more because accidents are escalated due to negligence of the driver by not wearing his seat belt. This point is reiterated in the Hudson Valley Business diary The safer all drivers are, the fewer injuries there will be, which affects everyones insurance premiums (Seat Belts 18). If drivers would safe take that extra step before driving, and buckle their seat belt, society as a whole might notice a decrease in insurance premiums in the future. Insurance providers may not notice the change right away, but in the long run they would have to notice that fatalities are decreasing.Though law enforcement programs such as Click-It-Or-Ticket help raise the use of seat belts, they do so by threatening drivers with fines for not buckling up. Laurie F. Beck, from the National Center for blemish Prevention and Control wrote, Alth ough rates of safety belt use in the United States have increased substantially since the first state law was passed in 1984, many an(prenominal) motor vehicle occupants continue to travel unrestrained (1619). Sometimes threats stop short of reaching the amount of people int finish.Perhaps if programs were developed to reward drivers who live on pulled over and are wearing their seat belt, then we would see a stronger increase in seat belt use. Patrol officers could be required to throwaway when a driver was properly restrained that information could be provided to insurance companies those companies would know which motorists were driving safely, and could reward them with discounted premiums. We as American citizens should have the choice in if we wear them or not. There are many reasons that many people do not wear them, but here are just a few.Some people feel if they are dismissal a speed of less than 40 mph, then they do not need to wear them however the National Transport ation Safety Board (NTSB) states that 80 percent of all crashes come at speeds of less than 40 mph and 75 percent of those are deep down 25 miles of home (Silverman 1). Another reason people do not wear their seat belts are because they believe they are uncomfortable. They believe the combination of the lap and shoulder belt is uncomfortable, so they either do not wear it or they put the shoulder belt under their arm. In doing this, it can cause internal injuries if they were ever in an accident.A different reason that some people do not wear their seat belt is because they feel their independence is universe taken from them for being told what to do in their car. They feel that their car is their fortress and they should not be told what to do in it, especially by the government. Some people feel that if they are thrown from a car they have a better chance of being saved then staying in the car with the accident. This is not true according to the Kansas Traffic Safety Resource Of fice individuals who get thrown from their cars are more likely to get killed than those wearing seat belts (Silverman 2).Finally, many drivers say they want to increase their chances of surviving a car fire or a submerged car. They feel that if they are buckled is it not only going to take longer to get out of the car, but if they are dazed or not alert, it is going to hinder their chances of getting out of the car alive. less(prenominal) than ? of 1 percent of all accidents involve car fires or submersion. If some type of reward program happened to be in place, the scenario earlier could have ended differently. Maybe the driver would have suffered some type of injury, yet the seat belt could have stopped him from hitting his head on the windshield.Although seat belt laws promote the reduction of vehicle related fatalities and help decrease the cost of insurance premiums, other programs such as a reward program could move on reach motorists. The more benefits motorists see about w earing seat belts the greater the chance they will choose to wear them. References Beck, Laurie F. , et al. Associations Between Sociodemographics and Safety Belt drug abuse in States With and Without Primary Enforcement Laws. American Journal of Public Health 97. 9 (2007) 1619-1624. Biomedical Reference Collection Basic. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2011.Mikkelson, Barbara & David. Seat Belted. Snopes. com. Urban Legends, 4 July 2011 1-2. Web. 22 Sept. 2011. http//www. snopes. com/autos/accident/seatbelt. asp Pandit, Madhura. Reasons to Wear your Seat Belt. Buzzle. com. Buzzle. com, 2000-2011 2. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. http//www. buzzle. com/articles/reasons-to-wear-your-seat-belt. htmlSeat Belts, Car Seats Save Lives and Affect Insurance Premiums. Hudson Valley Business Journal 6. 34 (1995) 18. Regional Business News. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. Silverman, Steve. Why People Dont Wear Seat Belts. eHow. Demand Media Inc. 1999-2011 4. Web. 28 Sept 2011. http//www. ehow. com/about_5456493_pe ople-dont-wear-seat-belts. html U. S. Motor Vehicle Accidents, 2006. World Almanac & Book of Facts (2009) 1746. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. Using a seat belt. Direct. gov. Crown, 29 Sept. 2010 3. Web, 28 Sept 2011. http//www. direct. gov. uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Roadsafetyadvice/DG_4022064 Veksler, David. The superstar Minute Case Against Mandatory Seatbelt Laws. One Minute Cases. Politics, 21 May 2007 1-3. Web. 22 Sept. 2011. http//oneminute. rationalmind. net/mandatory-seatbelt-laws/

Lillian D. Wald

Dear Mr. President, To keep the country running smoothly, the citizens must participate in it. If we, the citizens of the United States, dont do our part, the government will exact full reign over OUR society. Essenti every(prenominal)y meaning that would no longer be a democracy. That is something that we Americans pride ourselves on, being a democracy. We must ensure that we maintain and keep the rights and freedoms that we have. The purpose of this letter is to ask you to consider declaring a new holiday in the name of Lillian Wald.This day wouldnt just be to recognize her as a person and all of her accomplishments, but what her accomplishments really were- Civil Rights. Lillian Walds achievements stretched from the health field to civil rights for children. Her feats have shed a new light on the American society, inspiring to us all. Lillian Wald was a nurse, social worker, public health official, teacher, author, editor, publisher, and most importantly a civil rights activist f or peace, women, children, the sick, and many others.She had such an unselfish devotion to humanity, which ultimately made her great. It all started when Wald met a young nurse who inspired her to follow in her footsteps. At the age of 22 she had graduated nursing school and enrolled in the Womens Medical College to begin studying to become a doctor. During her time in college, she managed to be a volunteer nurse for the poor and less fortunate in New Yorks lower east side. While volunteering, Wald saw the postulate for change. Immediately dropping out of med school, she moved closer to the needy.In 1893 Wald created the Henry Street Settlement. Starting off with the help of 10 nurses, she created a small empire that would thrive to 250 nurses that treated 1300 patients per day by 1916. All of this needed some kind of funding. Well Wald took care of that with fund raising and volunteer donations. Also made it a point to make all of this racially integrated. Lillian Wald, with the help of some volunteers, treated and cared for the poor and educated people about health, hygiene, and protecting themselves from diseases. only thats non all.She had now moved her sights to the New York Board of Education. She had made it a determination to make it mandatory to put a nurse in every school, everyday. Of course, that goal had been accomplished, following it by protecting children further by ensuring that their civil rights had not been forgotten. From children she went to help women, and protecting them from being forced into almost slave labor conditions, reservation sure divorced women werent left without money, and giving them the right to birth control. Did she stop there? Not if her name was Lillian WaldShe was also an anti-war activist and fought whole heartedly for peace. But after those efforts went amiss, she didnt hesitate to do her part and become the Chairmen for the committee on Community Nursing of the American Red Cross. Major industries were her n ext target, do sure to protect workers with health inspections, and also making sure a nurse was on site at most job sites and factories. Of course all of this hadnt gone unrecognized she had been named in the New York Times 12 greatest living American women in 1922.Also she had received the Lincoln Medallion and proclaimed and outstanding citizen of New York. But all of this was a long time ago, and Im afraid people have forgotten what she has done, which calls for a reminder. Lillian Wald once said We have found, that the things which make men alike are finer and stronger than the things which make them different, and that the vision which long since proclaimed the interdependence and the kinship of mankind was farsighted and is true. She began her journey to achieve her dreams in 1893 when she came across a situation that needed attention now. Her answer to this problem served as an essential stepping stone to all of her sustenances accomplishments that in time spanned to an international scale. Without her, health care amongst many other things wouldnt be where they are today. Considering this information, I ask you Mr. President, to make a new national holiday to be recognized in her name, with the thought of our Civil Rights that she made sure we had.

A Great Law of Human Action

Truong Th? H? ng Nhung MSV 08D170334 *** Managers can find an effective way to delegate work successfully thanks to reading the chapter tomcat sawyer beetle whitewashing the fence in the famous novel of Tom Sawyer, written by Mark Twain because Tom Sawyer discovered a keen law of human action, without knowing it namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only unavoidable to make the thing difficult to attain.When being assigned to paint the fence, Tom felt life to him seemed hollow, and existence only when a burden. Tom precious to hire some children walking on the street to do his work further he found that he didnt have enough bills to buy their free afternoon. At this dark and hopeless moment, a magnificent idea raised in his mind, instead of complaining, he returned to his work with pleasure. curtly came a boy, named Ben Rogers by and laughed at Tom because he could not go swimming instead he had to work.Tom pretended to be so kindle in his work, w hich made Ben curious to try the work. It suits Tom Sawyer, I reckon there aint one boy in a thousand, maybe two thousand, that can do it the way its got to be done, these sayings urged Ben to ask for whitewashing the fence a bit. Tom surrendered reluctantly his brush to Ben in exchange for an apple core. Gradually, more and more boys came to whitewash the fence with Ben, the duty of Tom was just sitting under a shade tree, managing the activity.In such a short time, the fence put on a new shirt with the pleasure of both Tom and the children. From the story, we can withdraw two serviceable delegation skill. First, you need to know how to make your task inviting. No one wants to take a task which you are always grumbling about it. Tom would never have invited the children to take his work if he had been always complaining about the boreness of the work.Second, when someone asks to help you with your work, you should pretend to hold back, as Tom did, but do allow them to help you in the end. If so, he will find that its not easy to take the job, and so appreciate it more highly. Last, but not least, you need to monitor the one to whom you delegated the job. In the whole, the great law of human action really reflects the fact about all peoples need. People always want to show that they have abilities to fulfill a difficult task which many people are unable to do.

Human Resources Final Project Essay

The role of the HR Department of the Department of Human Services (DHS) is to handle all aspects of employee relations. The aras it covers atomic number 18 Recruiting and Selection, Training and Development, Performance Management, Employee Discipline, Compensation and Benefits and Labor Relations. to each unrivalled of these beas is vital to the effective operation of the company as a whole. Although each area is outlined in detail, there is still room for improvement in each. The Recruiting and Selection process at the Department of Human Services (DHS) is a fairly simple cardinal. The requirements for the appliers are not strenuous thereby allowing a wide range of appli displacets to be considered for the positions. It is recommended that a personality test be given to each applicant in order to gage their ability to handle the many different scenarios they will encounter while employed at DHS. A prerequisite for applying should be that the applicant has worked in an enviro nment which required handling stressful situations.The Training and Development process at DHS consists of both Internal and External training methods. One such(prenominal)(prenominal) external method requires the new hire to travel to the corporate headquarters in Atlanta, GA. This training lasts for two weeks and requires the applicant to stay nightly at that side to complete the training. A suggested change to that training would be that it is held locally for those new hires that may not be able to travel for such long periods of duration due to family obligations, such as having small children. As far as the internal training is concerned, the coaching portion done one on one with the new hire should be extended well after the training process has ended. This will ensure that the employee is still understanding his or her job duties and execute them accordingly.The Performance Management aspect of DHS is one in which the employees are evaluated yearly to measure their succes s in their position on an individual and team level. Each employee is measured according to his or herpositions requirements and job duties. A beneficial change to this process would be to review each section of the military rating form with the employee well in advance of their evaluation date. This will give the employee a heads up on the areas within their job that they need to focus one and the goals they need to achieve before their yearly evaluation time arrives. The Employee Discipline process at DHS serves to ensure that employees are receiving corrective action whenever a workplace infraction occurs.The employee can receive either an oral or written disciplinary action depending on the severity and frequency of the offense. Employees are given feedback on how to correct their action after the offense occurs. However, there are times when an employee is not given the graceful follow up and feedback after an infraction occurs. This can in turn cause the employee to commit the offense again and make the disciplinary action process go to the next level. DHS should make sure proper follow up is done on a regular basis to ensure the education and growth of the employee.The Compensation and Benefits packages offered at DHS are designed to financial aid make the company a competitive one. Salaries are paid on a bi-monthly basis on the 15th and last day of each month. Employees are given the option to add healthcare benefits, sign up for 401k or flexible spending accounts. There arent many incentives offered at DHS. One such incentive which could be offered is rewarding employees based on their monthly performance individually and as a team. This would assist with keeping employee morale high and large them something to strive for. Also, the starting salary should be increased in order to keep the job a competitive one on the job market. potency employees are attracted to a nice salary as well company incentives.It is essential for DHS to maintain strong and positive Labor Relations between employees and management. The employee should continuously feel as if they have the help and support of their management team. Communication between the two must be maintained at all times so that issues and concerns can be addressed effectively. One way for DHS to improve these relationships is for there to be more interaction between the employees and management in a non-working environment. This can be accomplished byestablishing company sporting leagues or having company picnics.The HR Department of DHS is the chief factor which ensures that the company is run smoothly and efficiently. Each functional area has a particular job to accomplish. It is important that each area be explored thoroughly to determine if each is accomplishing the tasks it has been given to handle. Implementing a few changes in each area will help to take the HR department to the next level.ReferencesSmith, A. E. (n.d.) What are furlough days? Retrieved on October 27, 2012 from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-are-furlough-days.htm recruitment (n.d.) retrieved on October 27, 2012 from http//www.ohrmd.dhr.georgia.gov/portal/site/DHS-OHRMD/menuitem.a90032b0182b9d5171f585c4da1010a0/?vgnextoid=bc80e250e1522310VgnVCM100000bf01010aRCRDPeople Management-Recruitment Methods (n.d.) retrieved on October 30, 2012 from http//www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_recruitment_methods.htmHeathfield, Susan, M. (n.d.) Hiring Freeze Retrieved on October 30, 2012 from http//humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/g/hiring_freeze.htmTemporary Worker (n.d.) retrieved on October 30, 2012 from http//education.yahoo.com/reference/ cyclopaedia/entry/tempwkrSelection (n.d.) retrieved on October 30, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/ manual(a)/0402.pdfEmployee Orientation (n.d.) retrieved on November 3, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/0501.pdf Marti (April 6, 2010) Human preferences Informal vs Systematic Appraisal retrieved on November 7, 2012 from http//bloghresources.blogspot.com/2010/04/informal-vs-systematic-appraisal.html Performance Management (n.d.) retrieved on November 8, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/0701.pdfDisciplinary/Dismassal Actions-Classified Employees (n.d.) retrieved on November 16, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/1601.pdfDrug Free Workplace (n.d.) retrieved on November 16, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/1301.pdfGrievance Procedures for Employees (n.d.) retrieved on November 17, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/1501.pdf Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M., (2011) Fundamental of Human Resource Management Giving Performance Feedback (4th ed.) New York, New York McGraw-Hill and IrwinCulpepper and Associates (November 24, 2010) Salary Structures Creating Competitive and Equitable Pay Levels Retrieved on Novembe r 30, 2012 from http//www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/compensation/Articles/Pages/SalaryStructures.aspx Calculation of Salary Payments (n.d.) Retrieved on November30, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/0801.pdf Salary Adjustments (n.d.) Retrieved on December 1, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/0802.PDF Eligibility of Benefits (n.d.) Retrieved on December 1, 2012 from http//www.odis.dhr.state.ga.us/1000_adm/1300_ohrmd/MANUAL/0901.pdf

“One Art” by Elizabeth Bishop Essay

In her poem, One Art, Elizabeth Bishop constructs a poem that reveals a struggle with mastering the issue of loss. Through the commit of a villanelle, Bishop utilizes the significance of construction and reciprocation choice to further the meaning of her work. Bishop crescendos individually stanza to create a firm foundation for the salient conclusion, and incorporates expressive words through emerge the poem to illuminate the last stanzas attitude shift from that of drippiness to seriousness.The villanelle form is a type of love poem and Elizabeth Bishops use of this is appropriate for her poem almost lost love. The get-go five tercets (three drawd stanzas) begin by speaking of small objects (keys) then plough to large circumstances (continents). The final stanza is a quatrain (four lined stanza) that contains the occasion and attitude shift of the poem. The poems first line the art of losing isnt hard to master resurfaces throughout the text to reiterate the speakers op inion on the ascendance of loss. And the repetition of the third base lines final word calamity is a key to the meaning of the poem.Bishops word choice furthers the significance of loss and love throughout the poem. Since the first and third lines repeat within the text the middle lines of each stanza remain different from each other. The endings of each middle line have the same rhyme pattern and collectively they spell out an ultimate loss- intent/ spent/ meant/ and went. The speaker, in the beginning, is impersonal and does not mention any valuable item which was lost. In the second stanza the speaker explains how to master the art of loss, and urges the readers to practice, making it a habit Lose something both day (line 4). The lost door keys, the hour badly spent (line 5) become materialistic entities and lost time. The third stanza contains a dynamic list of uncontrollable loss.By choosing the phrase losing farther, losing faster (line 7), Bishop illustrates movement in t ime, ultimately symbolizing loss. The simple shift from the third stanza to the fourth allow for a more personal denote to the poem with the addition of the word I. Bishop chooses the mothers watch to symbolize time and the link among generations. The lost watch makes tangible the feeling of inevitable loss. The speaker also sequences her losses- my last/ next-to-last. Stanzafive is the final tercet that includes materialistic items lost by the speaker. The loss of spacious and lavishing objects such as cities/ realms, rivers, and continents can not compare to the feelings the speaker acquires from the loss of love in stanza six.The final stanza, the quatrain, contains an attitude shift from that of invincibility to somberness. By implementing you, Bishop transformed the poem into a personal piece by breaking away from the pattern of dyspneal objects and incorporating an actual being. Although the tone is of a more personal nature the details are still muffled. The excursion ar ound (the joking voice, a gesture/ I love) creates a caesura for the reader, allowing a pause before confronting the dubiousness of the last lines. The first line refrain varies its form in line eighteen with the addition of the word too which seems to second-guess the original assertion that loss isnt hard to master. And in the closing line the repetition of likes postpones the final word that the speaker is so hesitant to admit-disaster. The parenthetical statement (Write it) is a self-prompt that conveys the aught needed to actually allow the word disaster to be recognized. By putting it in composing the speaker is accepting the fact that they have not yet mastered the art of loss.Bishops use of the villanelle form and strong word choice collectively work together to illustrate the speakers private sorrows over a lost love without including a self-pitied tone. The poem reveals a struggle for mastery that will never be attained. One does attempt to master loss but the recogniti on of impotence may be a more efficient method to tame loss.

The Life and Works of Rudolfo A. Anaya

Rudolfo A. Anaya, a cutting Mexican source, is considered champion of the creators of Chicano Literature. He is most kn exact for his unused give Me, Ultima. He has been recognized with many prestigious rewards for his work. As Anaya says, As a Chicano writer I am part of a community which for the first time in our contemporary era has produced bountiful literary works to create a literary movement. Prior to the 1960s western literature was create verb all in ally ab off us, but seldom by us.Now the universe has a truer insight into our world the assimilate is now from within as more and more Chicano and Chicana writers explore their reality (Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography 1). Anaya was born on October 30, 1927 in the small village of Pastura, hot Mexico (Anaya 363, Contemporary Latino Biography 1). He was born to Martin and Rafaelita Anaya. Anaya was the ordinal of seven children. His spawn came from a family of cattle workers and sheepherders, was a vaquero, a hors eman who worked on ranches surrounding Pastura, and his return came from a family of poor farmers (Contemporary Hispanic Biography 1).At a young age, his family moved to Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Their kinsfolk was perched over the Pecos River, and young Anaya spent his childhood roaming somewhat the planes with his friends, hunting, and fishing in the Pecos River. He was raised in a strong Catholic household, he tell, In my child hood world the power of invocation was supreme (Anaya 362). Also, Anaya grew up in a Spanish speaking only house hold. He stated that his parents only mostly spoke Spanish and that at the age of six or seven when he started school he knew very little to no English (Anaya 362-365). My parents spoke only Spanish. My dad worked for well-favoured ranchers and he could buy and sell cattle, which meant he could get along in English. But at fellowship it was a complete Spanish-speaking household. By the time I went to school when I was six or seven, I didnt know English, I only knew Spanish (Stone). At the age of fifteen Anaya moved to Albuquerque, and he attended Albuquerque High School. In Albuquerque Anaya was exposed to prejudice against Latinos as well as near cultural and ethnic differences he had not previously faced.Anaya played football and animalball in Albuquerque. He managed to neutralise the trouble of gangs, and he kept good grades. (Anaya 364-366, Contemporary Hispanic Biography). At the age of sixteen Anaya suffered a diving accident. Diving into an irrigation ditch, Anaya broke two vertebrae he n previous(predicate) killed himself. Anaya said in his short auto biography, The doctors would later explain that I had fractured two vertebrae in my neck, and I had gone into instant paralysis. I could not move a muscle (Anaya 369).His scram nursed him through his paralysis with daily massaging the stiff limbs, and his friends neer wavered. He swam, exercised, and slowly began to reenter the rough and tumble life. He me ntions that one of the first things that he did was return to the YMCA pot alone. As a way to conquer his fear he dove into the water alone (Anaya 369-372). In 1956, Anaya graduated from Albuquerque High School. Anaya then attended business school for two years before move out and enrolling in the university. University life sent Anaya into an identity crisis. He speaks of losing his faith in god.Anaya found that the acculturation at the university was not his own also, Anaya found that his classes were devoid of relevance to his own culture. On top of all this a recently failed relationship with a girl pushed Anaya to begin writing to help his pain. However, much of these early writings were later destroyed. Anaya thanks his friends for helping him survive the university. On weekends he would get with his friends and go out drinking, playing pool, and finding girls. Anaya get a degree and soon after accepted a breeding position in a small town in New Mexico. (Anaya 373-375). In this small town he still continued to practice his writing everyday (Contemporary Hispanic Biography ). He matrimonial a young woman named Patricia Lawless. Patricia, from Kansas, provided him with encouragement, and Patricia would read his work and respond to its weaknesses (Anaya 374, Contemporary Hispanic Biography). Marriage provided Anaya with a stable base for which to write although, two miscarriages were the most difficult experiences of his married life. Through this stable base Bless me, Ultima was born. He would teach by the day, and he would come home at night to write. Anaya 376) Anaya says that his extravagance for Bless Me, Ultima came when he had a vision of an elderly woman dressed in black rest in his room, and it was this vision that inspired him to start writing the tonic (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). In Anayas words, nonpareil light was on, a desk light near the typewriter, I heard a noise and turned to forecast the old woman dressed in black enter the room (Anaya, 377). Bless me, Ultima tells the story of Antonio Juan Marez y Luna, a six-year old boy growing up in rural New Mexico during World contend II.Antonio is befriended by Ultima, a kindly curandera, or healer, who has come to stay with Antonios family. Antonio discovers the mysteries of the plains surrounding him and learns how to use its plants for medicative purposes. Ultima later cures curses placed on Antonios uncle by a family of witches. Much of the drama or booking in the novel developed because of this. (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). This story relates in many ways to Anayas own history. Antonio, in the novel, is pulled amid his fathers wandering life as a vaquero and his mystifys harmonic, grounded existence with the earth itself.He questions the validity of his Catholic faith that seems helpless against pain and execrable while Ultimas magic heals. He discovers the golden carp in the river, which as told in local anesthetic folklore, is a god. The i dea that the carp may share divinity with God, to Antonio, feels like a betrayal of his m separates faith. However, this is a question that he cannot help but to ask (Anaya Bless Me, Ultima, Contemporary Hispanic Biography). In my first novel, Bless Me, Ultima, I used the people and the environment of my childhood as elements of the story. standardised my protagonist, Antonio, my first language was Spanish.I was shaped by the traditions and culture of the free-wheeling cow punchers and sheep herders of the llano, a lifestyle my father knew well, and was also initiated into the deeply religious, Catholic settled life of the farmers of Puerto de Luna, my mothers side of the family. (Anaya 380) Anaya eventually was published by Berkeley. Although the mode to getting published wasnt easy, I approached dozens of publishers, the result was always the same. I collected profuse form letter rejections to wallpaper the proverbial room, but I was undaunted (Anaya 379).Bless Me, Ultima was a great success. Anaya won the prestigious Premio Quinto sol deed over for the novel. Anaya also received many other prestigious rewards for the novel. much(prenominal) as, Anayas Bless Me, Ultima appeared on the Big Read site. The Big read is an initiative of the National giving for the Arts designed to revitalize the role of literary reading in American popular culture. thither are 30 books selected every year for this site. Anayas Bless Me, Ultima was also chosen as one of the literary works to appear in the 2009 American Academic decathlon.The New York Times stated that the novel was, probably the better(p)-known and most respected contemporary Latino Fiction, and the San Francisco Chronicle said Bless Me, Ultima was a, poignant an important book that de actions to be hailed as a classic (Bless Me Ultima to be flimed in New Mexico reports Gov. Bill Richardson, 3) A Bless Me, Ultima sculpture was even made at the north entrance to parking lot Lake off Historic Route 66 in Sa nta Rosa (Santa Rosa Dedicates Bless Me, Ultima Rudolfo Anaya Sculpture Park, 4). A play was also made after Anayas Bless Me, Ultima, and has been shown all across New Mexico (Bless Me Ultima The Play).Also, a movie was made after the novel. The film versions began Shooting in Santa Fe in October 2010 (Bless Me, Ultima Film establish on Rudolfo Anayas Novel Will Shoot in N. M. ). The director of the film is Carl Franklin, and the film is staring Bento Marinez, David Rees Snell, and Miriam colon (Bless Me, Ultima article, 2). Overall, Anayas Bless Me, Ultima has sold over 360,000 copies. (Rudolfo Anaya UNM Article, 3) Anayas father owned a land buckle under that stretched for miles along the Rio Grande in Albuquerques south valley, and then for miles west into the desert as far as the Rio Puerco.This grant had been passed down from generation to generations. Anayas father, as heir to the land grant, received and sold some lots that were part of the grant in the forties on the other hand, Anayas mother, having that peasant Nuevo Mexicano full and love for the land, believed the grant was a source of our values (Anaya 382). As Anaya said, she believed that someday we would all own a piece of that grant which had been handed down for generations (Anaya 382). However, the real history of the Spanish and Mexican land grants of New Mexico would prove her wrong.Most of the big land grants were stolen away from the true inheritors. Anaya says that is was these themes that lead him to create his second novel. The main(prenominal) character is Clemete Chavez, a farmer who loses his land at the start of the narrative and is forced to move into barrio in Albuquerque. While in the city, Chavez, and his family, they watch helplessly as their teenage children lose themselves in drugs violence, and sex. Chavez undertakes a self-analysis quest for an identity and a role for himself.As an attempt to provide a fictive analog to the Chicano consciousness-raising efforts of th e 1970s, the book ends with a Chicano march against the oppressive Santa Fe Railroad (Portales 2). Heart of Aztlan, was published in 1976. (Anaya 383) Anaya was invited to serve on the board of the Coordinating council of Literary Magazines (CCLM) in 1974. Their office was in New York. The council held regional workshops around the country twice a year and Anaya used this as a great way to meet different people in the writing community.Many of these friends would remain close friends with Anaya for life. (Anaya 380-385) During these years Anaya was working on Tortuga. Tortuga was the third novel in his series, and it was designed to loosely complete his trilogy (Contemporary Hispanic Biography). Tortuga was his hospital story, and thus he considered it a very difficult novel for him to write however, many see it as one of his best novels, and it won the Before Columbus American Book award from the Before Columbus foundation for Tortuga in 1980 (Contemporary Hispanic Biography).It wa s loosely based on his own experience in a hospital, but it promptly became more than that. The theme of healing still occupied my thoughts. How do people get well? I looked around and saw that we had created a society that was crushing and mutilating us. People were sick physically and spiritually. How could those people be helped? The hospital I created became an existential hell, symbolizing our own contemporary hell In Tortuga I took my characters to the depths of discouragement and human suffering, and they find in their hellish existence the faith they need to survive in the world (Anaya 385).Anaya began to spend more time writing plays and learning the techniques of drama. Anaya wrote his first play in 1979, the Season of La Llorona, first produced in Albuquerque. The Farolitios of Christmas was produced in Albuquerque in 1987, Matachines was published in 1992, Ay, Compadre was published in 1994, and Billy the baby bird and Who Killed Don Jose was published in 1995. (Rudol fo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography) Anaya began working with and translating some old oral materials which had been collected by folklorist. This re-create his connection to that exciting and magical stream of oral tradition.Cuentos Tales from the Hispanic Southwest was published in 1980 (Anaya 389, Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography). In his free time he was also working on making short stories. Somewhere between writing novels he would squeeze out short stories. In 1982, The Silence of Llano (short stories) was published by Berkeley. The subtitle of La Llorona was published in 1984, and was soon followed by Lord of the Dawn The Legend of Quetzalcoatl. Anaya also wrote poems in his free time, The Adventures of Juan Chicaspatas was published by the Arte Publico Press in 1985. In 1986, A Chicano in China was ublished as a nonfiction account of Anayas travels to China. Also, Anaya began to edit numerous publications (Anaya 389). When asked why he became a writer Anaya responds, I became a writer in my childhood. That is why that time has been so important to me. The character of my childhood, the family, friends, and neighbors that make up my world, they and their lives fed my imagination (Anaya 375). In 1995, Anaya published his first murder mystery, Zia Summer also in 1995, Anaya released his book Albuquerque, a good he considered to be a celebration of the city.Zia Summer was followed by rio Grande celestial latitude in 1996, a continuation of his murder mystery series. In 1999, Anaya introduced Shaman Winter. Finally in 2005, Jemez leap was introduced. Aside from writing, Anaya was a teacher. Anaya began instruct at junior high schools first, then at High schools end-to-end Albuquerque (Anaya 370). His first teaching position was in a small New Mexican town. Anaya, then, began to work as a public school teacher in Albuquerque from 1963 to 1970. He was appointed the Director of counseling of the University of Albuquerque in 1971. (Rudolfo A.Anaya, article) The n, in 1974, Anaya was offered a position at UNM to teach creative writing (Anaya 380). Anaya worked at UNM from 1974-1993 when he retired. (Rudolfo A. Anaya, article) As Anaya says on the topic of his retirement from UNM, I dont view leaving the University of New Mexico and teaching as retirement. I view it more as the mid-career change, to do a lot of writing and other things, like reading. I insufficiency to do more essays. So I think its fair a shift of energy into new areas (Anaya, Dick, Sirias, 153). Anaya has received many awards and honors throughout his career.He was awarded the prestigious Premio Quinto Sol literary award for Bless Me, Ultima in 1970 (Anaya, 363). Anaya has been awarded the New Mexico Governors Public Service portion out twice, in 1978 and in 1980. The Before Columbus Book award was rewarded to him for Tortuga in 1980. (Contemporary Hispanic Biography) In 1982, Anaya received the Corporation for Public Broadcasting script development award for Rosa Linda (Biography of Rudolfo Anaya (1937-). He received the apportion for Achievement in Chicano Literature from the Hispanic Caucus of Teachers of English in 1983.In a deliver to American Poets and Writers, Anaya was invited by President Jimmy Carter to read at the White House (Gonzales, 1). The PEN-West Fiction Award was awarded to Anaya in 1992 for Albuquerque (Biography of Rudolfo Anaya (1937). In 2002, Anaya was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President George Bush. He was one of the eighter Americans receiving the award at Constitution Hall. Anaya received the award for his contribution to American literature that has brought recognition to the traditions of the Chicano people. Gonzales, 2) In 2003, Anaya was awarded the Outstanding Latino/a Cultural Award in Literary Arts or Publications (Biography of Rudolfo Anaya (1937). Since Anayas retirement from the UNM English department in 1993, he has dedicated his life to traveling, writing, and reading. He currently lives in Albu querque with his wife, the same state where he was born (Rudolfo Anaya Author of Bless Me, Ultima Article). He has said that he has no desire to leave. Anaya is overall, one of the most successful and one of the most significant figures in the landscape of Chicano literature.Anaya says, As a mestizo, a person born from these two broad streams (or more correctly, from many inheritances), I want to create a synthesis, a worldview (Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya Biography, 2). Anaya lives and breathes the landscape of the Southwest. Anaya sees this as a powerful force, full of magic and myth, and this is manifest in all of his writings. Anaya has moved from one genre to the next, an acclaimed novelist, a poet, a dramatist, an essayist, and anthologist, a playwright, a childrens author, a travel writer, and finally, an editor.His works are standard texts in Chicano studies and literature courses around the world. He has make more than, perhaps, any other person to promote Chicano literature. As Anaya said, I fished, scaled the mountains of Taos, hunted with Cruz from the pueblo, finish high school, entered the university, married, and began to travel. I climbed mountains and crossed oceans and deserts in foreign places my old friends back home didnt know existed. So who is to judge whether an adversity comes to crush us or to reshape us (Anaya 371).

Essay on Global Companies Essay

Inter brightenic companies argon characterized by numerous factors among them geographical dispersion, demand for rationalization and differentiation and cultural diversity. These factors frustrate numerous contends to planetaryist HR managers on how to reassure successful exercise of their functions. The paper highlights various challenges the mentioned factors presents to IHRM in their work. It assembles evidence and previous research findings through by other writers. The paper in addition demonstrates why managing world-wide HR is more than difficult than managing HR in a large domestic firm.Challenges presented by geographical dispersion to international HR directors As make implement ofees in an international federation come from different backgrounds and possess diverse experience, its hard to regularise pay and conditions of work (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Doing so is standardizedly to bring conflicts among module doing similar speculates in different locati ons. Standardizing working(a) conditions is in any case tricky because of diverse cultures, rules and laws of different nations. Home working conditions and policies cannot be transferred to another country referable to existence of different legislations in legion country.In such a nerve each host country could wipe out a slightly different working condition (Paik and Vance, 2006). repayable also to intrinsic differences in each country, it is hard to standardize business processes and pay in a multinational telephoner. whiz of challenges faced by international HR managers is dealing with multiple time zones. This time differences bring some difficulties for managers to consult with key decision makers (Herod and Yearn, 2002). These difficulties whitethorn result into ramifications on productivity.C digestly associated with this problem is the continued baleful reliance on face to face communications since improvement in technologies has not completely bridged this int erruption (Punnett, 1989). Rolling out a non conflicting international hires system is a challenge to international HRM. This is due to the fact that conditions of employment differ among various categories of employees (Mendenhall et al, 1987). In addition, thither exist variations among countries on ways of compensating workers. Salary levels for the alike job also differ amongst countries.As a matter of fact honorarium packages can be a source of conflict . This is mostly occurs when local anaesthetic employees start comparing their salary to those of acquits and may conclude that there is no fairness. Expatriates in most of cases take aim better compensation packages than local employees doing the same job. As a result local employees may feel unappreciated and treated unfairly. Consequently, it may result to resentment and eventually lower employees morale and productivity (Roberts et al, 1998).The process of hiring and placement of different national categories of workers is very interlocking in global context. International HRM involves movement of people across international boundaries (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). In such a case staffing becomes very hard as managers face hard choices to make from lead pools of employees categories employees from host country where the company operates (HCN), nationals from home country where the firm has headquarter (PNC) and citizens of other countries that may be sources of aim (TNC). The three types of employee groups have different backgrounds.This accordingly enquires the managers to have international mindset and adopt policies that facilitate organization of internationally oriented staff (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Distinct countries have different regime policies and ethical requirements which can pose problems to international HR managers. For instance an international company situated in South Africa would have expatriations volition to work there required to undergo a compulsory HIV/AIDS te st. This could result to handout of talented employees who may not be giveing to comply with the requirement.It would be therefore a challenge to managers to convince such expatriates to accept the requirement (Roberts et al, 1998). International HR managers also face difficulties determine compensation package among various categories of workers. This is so because of varied nationalities of workers and different levels of economic development in home countries. It therefore becomes hard to determine some form of compensation for instance hardship allowance (Hofstede, 1992). International diorama is also more complex due to talking to differences.This becomes a challenge in ease of accessing companys documents such as vision and mission statements, companys records and procedure manuals. Language barriers could also impede communication and sharing of reading among the workers. This can only be solved by language standardization (Laurent, 1986). The nature of employee involvem ent also varies depending on country and institutional factors. Employee involvement is crucial in any organization and results into enhanced communication, coordination of tasks, enhanced information sharing and reduced turnover.Employee involvement is however is influenced by organization and national factors such as industrial relations, financial system, social forces and market forces (Petti and Fadel, 1997). Consequently in a global context, the nature of employment will vary due to diverse national forces. Challenges occasioned by need for rationalization and differentiation to international HR directors. Process of rationalization unremarkably involves lowering of organizations running(a) costs and more improved control (Punnett, 1989). This requires timely provision of information.On a global context, it is a challenge to HR managers to obtain information quickly and to become proactive in achieving business objectives. Due to the complex nature of international organizat ion, it becomes thought-provoking to ensure faster access to high quality information at a significantly business processing cost . However due to rationalization demands in order for the company to last out competitory, managers have to carry out proper compensation, recruitment and placement (Punnett, 1989). specialization is the process of distinguishing firms products or services from those offered by competitors (Petti and Fadel, 1997).This is done by making them unique and more enthralling to a particular target market. Differentiation is normally implemented by ensuring differences in functional features, quality, handiness and reputation. Formulation of differentiation dodging is vital for making firms products more competitive in a competitive market. In global context it poses challenges for managers to adopt proper strategies in recruitment and selection to ensure the products remain unique and reputable (Petti and Fadel, 1997).Challenges presented by cultural diver sity to international HR directors International companies operate in different countries with diverse regulations, standard of documentation and labor unions (Hofstede, 1992). In some countries, labor unions determine wage policies. In Australia for instance unions negotiate rates of payment on behalf of workers. In other countries like Hong Kong unions have little influence and pay rates argon determined by free market. This makes the process of determining pay package very hard to HR managers in global scene (Hofstede, 1992).International HRM must(prenominal) be aware of cultural differences and develop culturally sensitive attitudes for business to thrive (Laurent, 1986). Majority of HRM functions such as compensation training, recruitment and selection are done according to cultural practices of host nation. sometimes adapting to local expectation and customs brings more problems. In Indonesia for instance local employees are obliged to employ members of their family. However , acting in such nepotism way may be detrimental to the company since the best fitted persons will not be hired (Punnett, 1989).Diverse norms on methods of motivating employees amongst countries are a key challenge. The use of incentives and gifts for instance may have varied results. In cultures such as America money may be a good motivator. In other cultures such as Japan, non financial incentives for instance job security, social acceptance and promotions may motivate employees better (Mendenhall et al, 1987). The international HR managers are hence challenged to partner off the motivators with cultural values. International businesses also operate in countries with different cultural differences amongst groups of people in the same country.This ultimately translates into different HRM policies procedures and system. The work of IHRM is therefore determined by cultural aspects of the host country (Petti and Fadel, 1997). This places a challenge to IHRM managers to reconsider eac h strategy in terms of the countrys cultural condition. roughly strategies may work in some country but fail in others. A Hong Kong company dealing with dental services for instance decided to offer a use it or lose it form _or_ system of government worth $1000 a year. Initially the company had a high staff turnover of 24%.After a short time, the companys turnover dropped significantly to 4%. The strategy could not just work in that context (Petti and Fadel, 1997). As the case illustrates, research is required to be conducted amongst employees to establish the kind of strategies which are workable. People also have varied takes and attitudes with regard to contracts. People from Hesperian countries think of it just like a contract and will follow it after its signed. The Chinese however take it different and prefer continued relationship with their manager.So they will sign it, have a handshake and get to know their manager (Laurent, 1986). Therefore the IHRM has to consider acce ptability and adaptability. Diversity instruction is also a challenge especially managing varying expectations in workplace. Some countries emphasize on sexual activity paleness and affirmative action while others do no (Hofstede, 1992)t. In such a case organizations with such policies face difficulties implementing them in some countries. In some parts of the world woman expatriates may experience difficulties in gaining acceptance (Hofstede, 1992).Culture is also a significant constraint in employee performance appraisals and feedback process. Western counties have been found to have different styles of performance appraisals which are difficult to transfer to non westward countries (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). The purpose of appraisal, acceptance of its result and the mode of conduct of the feedback process are also different amongst countries. In some cultures for instance Japan performance appraisal are not acceptable and are normally interpreted as sign of distrust.In other cultures such as Chinese performance appraisals are used to determine pay (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Why managing International HR is inherently more difficult than managing HR in a large domestic firm. Unlike domestic firm, international HR involves moving staff across many countries with diverse cultural and economic aspects. As such international HRM is more complex as it deals with different categories of workers from different countries. There are also many aspects and a broad regulate of issues o take into consideration (Paik and Vance, 2006).To begin with, there are more HR activities to deal with in an international environment. Foreign employees are normally subjected to both domestic and international tax liabilities. This necessitates need to function tax equalization policies to bridge this gap. There are also a lot of international motility and orientation activities. This may take the shape of arranging pre departure training and providing information such pass awa y details, shopping and schooling. Foreign employees must also be provided with housing, medical care and recreation services.The expatriates also require to be provided by administrative services within which the host country operates. In addition the international HR must provide language translation services (Mendenhall et al, 1987). The international HR manager is also required to take a broad view of issues. This is particularly due to the fact that the managers deal with more than one national group of employees all working together. One such broader perspective would be to ensure that employees working in foreign locations receive foreign premium regardless of their nationality.Such a policy should be implemented without showing preferential treatment to only employees working on overseas subsidisation but even to foreigners assigned to firms home country (Chan, 1994). The IHRM thus has to deal with equity issues with regard to compensation. International HR managers are als o required to get more involved in employees personalised lives (Herod and Yearn, 2002). The HRM needs to ensure that expatriate employees comprehends compensation package such as cost of living allowances, premium taxes among others. He also needs to ensure they understand housing arrangements and health care.This creates need for mental home of a section that provides services such as handling of employees investments, banking and coordinating home visits. If for instance there is to be a relocation or transfer, the HR department will need to know the employees personal life in order to provide the level of support required. This is particularly due to some governments requirements like marriage certificate in order to stay in some locations. In addition the HR managers may want to assist the family left behind at home country (Herod and Yearn, 2002).In the international context, there is always need to change emphasis in HR operations as hands varies. This mostly occurs when m ore trained locals become available and hence the need of foreign employees decline. Resources which had previously allocated to allocated to expatriate issues have thus to be transferred to local stuff training and development. This broadens HR activities such as training, cooking and compensation (Chan, 1994). International assignments increase exposure to risks that HRM has to deal with.There are more severe consequences resulting from expatriate failure and underperformance. Such a failure may be too costly to the company in terms of salary, relocation expenses and travel costs. There could also be loss of foreign cover, market share and breakdown of foreign relations. The HR department must also consider possible acts of terrorism. On top of that the HR must put in place emergency evacuation procedures for assignments in locations susceptible to pestiferous crises (Roberts et al, 1998). International HRM also has to deal with more and complex external factors.The company mus t comply with governments requirements about staffing in foreign locations. Moreover, local codes of conduct and religious groups regulations must be obeyed (Roberts et al, 1998). expiry The research and evidence presented in the paper demonstrates that managing HR in global context is more challenging and complex than in domestic scene. There are many issues which constrain international HR managers and which are unique to each country. The managers are therefore required to be flexible and adopt a local responsive strategy in order to have successful and sustainable businesses.