Swot South Beauty Essay Example for Free

Swot southeastward p apiece tree EssayA SWOT Analysis is a mechanism that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. This basic, straightforward model assesses what an organization fuck and can non do as well as its potential opportunities and threats. The mode of the SWOT analysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats). erst eon it is completed, SWOT analysis de end pointines what may assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives, and what obstacles must be overcome or minimized to achieve the desired results. Strengths * Brand Strategy and positioning. The assorts disgraceing strategy foc recitations on brand differentiation to cater a wide range of customers. The newest brand of the group, SUBU focuses on innovative level- toped nutrition for younger and more fashionable office workers, the LAN Club i s the luxury brand that rates the propertied dining segment of successful business great deal aged over 45 years, and South Beauty, the Groups flagship brand that targets upper-middle class segment of businesspeople aged from 30 to 45 years. No competitor in the Chinese eating house grocery store has such brand format.Al nearly all of them operate their single brands without overstep brand positioning so their brand symbol is quite inferior to the Groups. * Consistent brand identities. The go with has built consistent brand identities by launching some outdoor and print advertisement. The company also explore cooperation with certain international airlines, including Air France and KLM Royal Dutch airlines, to provide business travelers transient between China and Europe with South Beauty-branded Chinese dishes. * Innovation. The company is adherenceed as an innovative company, with 55 percentage annual growth.The South Beauty restaurant also introduced several innovations and improvements with regard to traditional Sichuan food, non al bingle in terms of new raw materials, but also the process of preparing the dishes and the customer experience. The Group create a range of innovations with regard to Sichuan cuisine but also added certain Cantonese cuisine and separate flavors to its menu. bingle of the groups biggest and most ambitious innovations is the combination of Chinese and Western cuisine that breaks with tradition and creates genuine new flavors.It is the first Chinese restaurant to offer Chinese food in a horse opera style, and the first to mix food presentation with artistic views. * Differentiation in cuisine. Some of the factors that make the Groups cuisine different from others ar the strict requirements placed on raw ingredients, the innovation on traditional cuisine, the exacting criteria placed on a dishs nutritional value, and the strong tension on the visual appeal of each dish. * Location and Pricing. The Groups restaura nts are located in top-notch office buildings in key cities.Meals are also expensively priced to cover be, but because of the brands reputation and image, consumers are willing to pay the high prices. This combination of high-end location and high pricing were laboursaving in developing the upper-middle class brand image. * Interior decoration and ambience. separately South Beauty restaurant had a different decor, designed by well-known artists in the field. It is Zhang Lans belief that people should come to the restaurant not only for the food but also for the ambience. * IT applications. Advanced IT applications enhanced the image of the restaurant and improve efficiency.For example, the Group built its own CRM establishment to record customer information and use that information to provide tailor-make services and make promotional communications. These IT applications give the Group an edge because they are quite innovative for the traditional Chinese catering industry as mos t restaurants remain act to their old slipway of operating their businesses. * People management. Zhang Lang was a firm believer that a dedicated custody could overcome challenges pertaining to financial capital and market potential, so the Group strove to apply performance management techniques with regard to the management team.It also worked with a consulting firm to design a new people management system to motivate the staff. The group also initiated a large-scale training program for the staff. * Synergies. The use of the companys central management to achieve synergies has caused the South Beauty Group to develop functional management expertness at its head office with a view to coordinating the management of its restaurants, all of this helps brainstorm ways to differentiate the Group from its competitors to capture market share. * Expansion. South Beauty Group is not only feel to expand further in China ut is also looking for an international presence. * Right target gro up. Because of the booming economy in China, the business meals had more potential than the other segments because they could absorb higher prices. These business-people were not satisfied with simple eating and drinking- they required more in terms of the restaurants environment or ambiance. These businesspeople are the target consumers of the South Beauty Group.* Leader in the niche market of high-end Chinese dinner South Beautys share was more than 7%Weaknesses * Ranking in the high-end Chinese dinner segment. Among the top 100 restaurant companies in China in 2007, 10 were in this segment, with the leader being Shanghai Jingiang (ranked 4) and Beijing Shunfeng (Ranked 18). South Beautys ranking was 72. * Poor variety show on types of cuisine. The high-ranked competitors concentrate on various Chinese cuisines, but South Beauty only focused on Sichuan cuisine, so it could not compete with these restaurants in terms of cuisine. * Fake Restaurants and inability to protect its bra nd.The most crucial issue for South Beauty was that of restaurants claiming to be South Beauty franchisees. In 2005, there were at least 16 fake restaurants in cities South Beauty has not penetrated. The imposters used the same Chinese name as South Beauty with one or two additional Chinese characters to take in innocent customers and provided them with poor service and atmosphere. The unhappy customers however, complained to the real South Beauty. This hurts the brand image and reputation of the Group. * genuineness of Sichuan food.In cities with higher incomes (where South Beautys target customers are mainly located), consumers had more choices of restaurants and made selections based on word of mouth. 63 percent of consumers obtained restaurant information from word-of-mouth publicity, so while a restaurant review web site state that South Beauty promoted Refined or Improved Sichuan Food, in other places, such as Chengdu, the birth place of Sichuan food, customers were of the o pinion that the Sichuan food offered by South Beauty was not as spicy as the original cuisine.Other did not view South Beauty as a genuine Sichuan food restaurant. If consumers were looking for authentic Sichuan food, by and by hearing these opinions on the street, they were more likely to pick another restaurant. * Inability to do things in a standardized way to cut down costs and improve efficiency. The management team did not obligate their efforts to improve the Groups operational efficiency through normalization, which was also the foundation for scaling up. * stripped market share in the Chinese Restaurant Market.The market share in South Beauty in the total industry was less than 0. 1 percent. Opportunities * Expansion. The Group is seeking to expand its operations from the living 20 restaurants in China to a total of 100 worldwide (35 in China and 65 in the international market) over the next three years. * Standardization. The standardization of the process of preparing the dishes is a big luck to increase efficiency and quality. * Entry into new businesses. The Group wants to diversify into business of partially cooked frozen foods for retail outlets and airline catering. The Groups market share in the Chinese dinner category was an estimated 2 percent in 2006. There is great to room to increase this market share. * Ability to invest to a great extent in various elements, interior decorating being one of them. No competitor is able to invest so heavily. * Cuisine diversity. South Beauty only offers Sichuan cuisine. While a typical Chinese restaurant offers one or two cuisines, expanding into more than 2 different cuisines could give the Group a source of differentiation. * comely an international brand.According to Zhang Lan () Now is the time to expand. We have met success in China, and now we entreat to build an international brand, which will have a presence in New York, Paris, London, Milan, Geneva, Tokyo and other important international cities of the world. it is projected that the Group will have 30 restaurants in short term and 100 outlets in the next three years, of which 35 restaurants would be located in China and 65 in the international market in cooperation with strategic partners in Tokyo, New York, and other cities.Threats * Some competitors of South Beauty have been able to overcome the obstacle of production and prepare Chinese dishes in a standardized way faster than South Beauty, so they are able to cut down costs and realize bigger profits. * Belief among certain consumers that the Sichuan food that South Beauty serves is not authentic because this can cause consumers to search for more authentic options in competitors. * Fake South Beauty restaurants.They make the brand look bad and downsize the brands reputation and positioning. * With such large ideas for expansion, if the capital needed is not raised, this could pose a threat not only for future expansion but also for future growth in China. * Operational efficiency that needs to improve the management team did not harbour their efforts to improve the Groups operational efficiency through standardization, which was also the foundation for scaling up. Each South Beauty restaurant carried 380 items on the main menu.Raw materials depended on local suppliers, and the quality of each dish relied on the experience of the chef. Although there was a team with three main chefs at the head office to develop new dishes and control the quality, the process of standardization is still in its beginning phase. If standardization is not achieved presently, the Group may lose some of its market share to competitors that do achieve it soon because they will be able to cut down costs that will translate into cheaper prices.

How Can Television Influence Behaviours In Children Young People Essay

How Can Television Influence Behaviours In Children Young People riseABSTRACTE preciseone in this humanity keep upes goggle box. Some passel do non exchangeable to watch it and al approximately people dumbfound no judgment of conviction for it but it is a lie if they never watched it before. No numerate how much they hate it or no fourth dimension for it, they must nurse watched it once before. Television programs present us a lot of information and we cornerstone encounter a lot of benefits from it. However, it has been misused by todays girlish persons because they do non do how to interpret tout ensemble those information very well. Indirectly, this causes the fixment of goggle box programs repair the attitude of todays youth to arise.It recognizems that telecasting receiver system receiver programs may withdraw to raptorial look because kids argon very flabby to be influenced as they atomic number 18 pipe down younker and just more or less to know the whole world. So, whatever they obtain on video, they tend to chase it. As we all know, kids learn while they be growth up. After observance a lot of abandon levels, they might be immune to violence and this exceed automatically advocate them non to hesitate to be violence in humans. in addition that, television programs similarly cause the organic evolution of controvert social amongst youths cod to the advertisements of alcoholic drink, smoking and sex scenes. Youths go a style(p) be further by these scenes and advertisements as it is easier to attract peoples attention by using animation rather than pictures. Furthermore, television programs discover self-importance-importance-importance development and self heed. People who ar addicted to television argon lapseing to do allthing for it including sacrifice their recreationing beat just to watch their favourite shows. This result indirectly cause self development to be collide withed . Television programs affect self esteem because they might put on viands as they want to compete with skinny beautiful models and actresses that elicit be seen on television. Do television programs affect the attitude of todays youths? From the reasons that brook been mentioned above, the answer is certainly yes, television programs do affect the attitude of todays youth.1.0 debutTeleviewing causes people to duplicate inappropriately, in opposite atomic number 18as of their lives, behavior styles developed while watching television. (Kottak, 1990, p.3)Television programs buttocks be preceptal as well as entertaining. It arsehole give people the opportunity to thwart al virtually the globe, expose them to smart approximations that they might not have encountered from their community and also a arrest across to learn round different cultures. Pro-social messages from shows on television leave behind give a positive bushel on the behavior of todays youth. However, t hese youths be more worryly to learn negative values from these television programs.Statistics show that an modal(a) of tiddlerren ranging from ages 2-5 years gray-headed fleets about 32 hours a week in bearing of the television while children ranging from 6-11 years old spends about 28 hours a week watching these television programs (McDonough, 2009). another(prenominal) impersonate of statistics show that 68% of children surrounded by ages 8-18 years old have a television set in their bedrooms, 37% of them have cable/satellite television and 20% have premium channels. This is very interesting as studies show that 53% of households of 7th to 12th graders have no rules or boundaries regarding the amount of time they spend watching television or the type of programs they watch thus making these television programs a very influential tool because studies have shown that kids with no televisions in their bedroom spend an average 1.5 hours less per day watching television than kids who do (Roberts, Foehr Rideout 2005).Television has now render a moot issue as some perplexity its influences on the attitude and psychological development of todays youth. Nowadays, the world of television has been discovered by children at very young age. As we know, television is an motionive educational tool. With programs showcasing wildlife, scientific theories etc, it helps these children to be broad- minded and also have a better understanding about the world around them. However, we have to call in and be aware that the television also is seem to posses more negative personal personal effects than positive ones.A day in a youths life depart generally be fill with activities such as playing with friends, reading, doing homework and being physically active but this can be easily replaced with the presence of television. This is detrimental to their physical and mental development because studies show that the first two to trio years of a childs life is where he/ she learns through observing, interacting, playing and also exploring new things. Thus if these children are glued and become addicted to these programs on television they will have lesser time to interact with human beings. This is crucial, as it can retard their normal physical and social development and skills. Hence, the burning question here is, do television programs affect the attitude of todays youth?If we look further into the issue, television programs do indeed affect the attitude of todays youth as it enhances negative social development amongst youths, which may lead to war-ridden or raging behavior, and they tend to affect self development and self esteem.As we all know, youths are more standardisedly to imitate and ad cagys ones behavior into their own because they can easily re novel to what is shown on television. in that respect surely will be a lot of behavioral changes in youths today if they are exposed to excessive violence shown on television. These manak ins of programs will encourage these youths to be aggressive in some(prenominal) their behavior and in their thoughts. Not only that, they will also be more likely to be influenced with what they have seen regularly like smoking and inebriation scenes which are shown frequently in these television programs and up to now commercials. This will encourage the development of such un honorable habits at an early age (Bora, 2009).This report shows the effect television programs have on the attitude of todays youth. These research findings are confined to the United States of America as the knowledge and collective behaviors of contemporary Americans are everywhere. Like whatsoever other chore, there is perpetually a solution, in order to ensure that television is used as a source of knowledge and healthy entertainment, one must be sure to watch it in moderation by setting a time limit when you sit down to watch it. Besides that, the government, the parents and the teachers should en courage todays youth to participate in other positive activities like playing outdoor and indoor games. Not only that, they should also encourage todays youth to watch programs that reinforce family values.2.0 TELEVISION PROGRAMS MAY LEAD TO AGGRESSIVE OR furious conductAggressive attitudes, values and behavior can be increased by watching entertainment violence, particulary in children. The effects are measurable and also long lasting. Some of the television programs will show scenes with stabbing, hitting, shooting, punching, guns and any type of other violence. Almost all the violence shows on television are fake as television programs use fake guns and fake blood to represent violent acts during acting (Kaufman, 2004). Violent scenes on television may not be a great deal for the adults because adults know the going a path between factuality and fantasy compared to children who know nothing about it or not clear about the difference between concreteity and fantasy. Most of th e time, children who see a lot of violence will settle their conflicts in violence way.According to psychological research, youths can be negatively affected by the violence on television. Watching violence on television will give three major effects which youths will be less sensitive to pain and suffering of others, youths will be more fearful of the world around them and they might behave aggressively toward the others (Abelard, 2008).ACT Against Violence (cited in Kaufman, 2004) states that infants are interested in television only for a short period of time as they are attracted to the light and skilful from the television. Toddlers who are 18-36 months are paying more attention to what is on television and are able to construct the meaning from the programs they watch. The link between their fantasy and reality is not strong which will cause them to fight equally to animated violence and real violence. Preschoolers who are 3-5 years old are looking forward to shows on tele vision. Eventhough they can understand what they are watching, they cannot give it a context. They cannot judge commercials versus regular programs or reality versus fantasy. Vivid scenes, rapid movement, sound and colour are highly attracted by the preschoolers. Hence, this shows that most of them pay the most attention to the most violent scenes on the screen. Children in the range of 6 to 11 years old believe that television reflects real life. They will show more aggressive behavior after watching the violent scenes.2.1 THEY TEND TO IMITATE SUCH BEHAVIOR FROM WHAT IS SHOWN ON TELEVISIONEveryone knows that viewers may imitate positive and negative behaviors from the television programs. However, the Gerbner group has found that people will be more apt to perceive the real world as being similar to television programs if they spend more time on watching television (Kottak, 1990, p.11). This situation will be faced mainly by the children as they do not have nice knowledge and expe riences to differentiate between reality and fantasy. Since they only spend their time on watching television, they might have forgotten that they are actually watching something that is fantasy, not a reality. Hence, the innocent children will follow blindly what they have seen on television because they think that the pillowcases on television programs can do so, wherefore cant they. Violence on television programs may raise smirch images of straightforward and evil. Kottak (1990) states that the distinction between heroes and villains is fading. This will cause the children to be more confused and lead them to do anything they want. For suit, if they adore a character from one movie, they might just imitate the behavior of that character without knowing that behavior is a good behavior or a bad behavior. Most of the shows on television are using violence as the central to the storyline, where the heroes and villains can extend what they want by using violence as it is an s ound way. It is true that television programs may lead to aggressive behavior. This can be proven by an incident in Dallas where a boy has been killed by his elder brother, 7 years old with a clothesline maneuver he had seen on a wrestling show (Kaufman,2004).2.2. THEY ferment IMMUNE TO VIOLENCEChildren will tend to have favorable attitudes toward aggressive behaviors if they watch more violent television programs. This will indirectly cause the child to become immune to the horror of violence (American academy of Child Adolescent Psychia approximate, 2002). This is because, they can always see violence in the television programs that they are watching. Hence, the child will gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems. Lefebrve has found an example to show that a child has immune to violence until he uses the type of violence that has been seen by him on television to solve his problem. A six years old boy wearing turtle costume stabbed his friend in the arm for not retu rning his toy. This shows that this child has no humanity because for him, it is only a normal thing to stab someone as he has already immune to violence.AGGRESSIVE AND VIOLENT BEHAVIORS ARE CONTRIBUTED THROUGH OTHER CHANNELSSome people argue that not only television programs can lead to aggressive and violent behaviors but these behaviors can be influenced by people skirt them like peers and family. However, children spend most of their time by watching television. Almost everyone in the world has their eminence idol. Children tend to like the characters of their idols on the television programs or movie without thinking whether their idols are doing the good or bad thing in that show. This will cause children to imitate their favourite characters in particular shows because they are too obsessed with the characters. Factors that may lead to aggressive and violent behaviors that have been influenced by their peers or family members are not a strong argument compared to television programs. This is because, children will not always agree or listen to what people say to them because they are quite stubborn and will just follow their police wagon to do whatever they want. Eventhough they have been influenced a lot of times by people surround them, they still can choose whether to do it or not as they might not interested in their type of violence. If they chose not to do it, they can just not do it and can stay away from people who are influencing them. Think about television, how are they supposed to stay away from television? There is no way for people in this world to stay away from television unless that person is in a jungle or no television set at home. Although they do not have television sets at home, they can still watch it at their office place or any stalls. No matter what, they can still watch programs on television and somehow will come across to violence. Besides that, television programs are visual and children can always see the act in an inte resting way and it can be watched repeatedly. There are so many types of violence on television programs that can be seen by the children. So they have variety types of violence to be elect and if children love what they are watching, thus they will low to behave like what they are watching. Hence, television programs are the main source which may lead to aggressive and violent behaviors.In a nutshell, the attitude of todays youth are affected by television programs as they will indirectly encourage the children to be aggressive and violent in their behaviors. Children tend to imitate such behaviors from what is shown on television and also the immunity to violence cause the childrens behavior to be easier affected by television programs.3.0 TELEVISION PROGRAMS ENHANCE NEGATIVE fond DEVELOPMENT AMONGST YOUTHSChildren are very curious because they are still growing up and just about to see the whole world. So, they are more easily being influenced to do either negative or positive things when they see something new or something that they can see often on the television. We cannot control childrens mind because they seem to watch over it to themselves and we can only see the differences in them when they express it. Besides that, they do not know what the good and bad things are as they are just about to understand and see the real world. So, they will simply do whatever they like which have been seen by them on television. Examples of negative social development that can be enhanced by the television programs are drug and alcohol abuse, smoking and also sex amongst the youths. All of these cannot be expected not to be seen on television because these will be included in most of the television programs and advertisements.Outley Taddese (2006) state that one of the factors for increased drinking amongst the youths are due to the exposure to alcohol use on television and in music videos like MTV, Hitz, and V channels. According to Kaiser Family Foundation, th ree quarter of the prime time shows entitled Sex on TV nurse internal references. There is only one tenth of the sexual content shows include the risks, responsibilities and safety of sex. precisely 17% of messages about safety and responsibilities of sex have been portrayed in shows about teenagers in sexual situations. Children will start smoking at an earlier age for those who watch more television as the factors of influenced by the peer and parental smoking and gender is not as strong as the descent between the age of starting smoking and television viewing (Mekemson Glantz, 2002).3.1 THE MONKEY SEE, MONKEY DO schemeAudience can experience strong emotional reactions, gain new values and change the way they behave by observing the performance of actors. This will be more likely to happen specially when the models show new patterns of behavior and thought which are rewarded (Bandura, 1985). This explains that the audience will do whatever they like which have been seen by them on the television and this will affect their behavior and attitude. Most of the people who can think rasionally, they will not follow the negative things that have been watched by them on television. However, we have to remember that youths are still young and they are still learning about things around this world. This world is new to them and they do not understand which is good and which is bad until the adults thought them the right things. At this range of ages, youths will have problems in controlling themselves if they are addicted to television programs which will then lead to the scallywag see, monkey do surmisal.Television is the most influenced specialty. It can be part of the solution and part of the problem in the area of sex amongst the youths. It will give solutions to the area of sex amongst the youths when the shows are giving a technique to have safe sex, a warning program to the teenagers about the consequences if that person gets pregnant, the responsibi lities that they need to know from the start before they decided to have sex, etc. However, it will give problems when the children watch the sex scenes in the television programs. When they watch this diverseness of scenes, they will get attracted to it because everyone has the passion and it is a human nature to have the lookinging to do it. Children will think that it is not wrong to have sex because they can always see the sex scenes on television without being censored and the monkey see, monkey do theory will be seen in this situation. They see it on television and they will do it in real life. Not all of them will do it in real life because some of them might not get a partner to do it in real life but nowadays, in this kind of situation, it is not difficult anymore to get a partner to have sex due to the influenced by television programs. For those who might not get a partner to satisfy his satisfaction, he might do something worst like rape the girls.In most television pr ograms, there will be at least one scene where they will be drinking alcohol and smoking. For those children who watch this scene, he or she might not know what is alcohol and cigarette. As the theory said, monkey see, monkey do, the children might try to drink and smoke in real life like what they have seen on television.3.2 THEY HAVE BEEN back up BY THE TELEVISION PROGRAMSPeople in the advertisements of alcohol can always be seen more successful, happier and sexier when they drink. inebriant advertising including the television advertisements caused the drinking among youth to be increased (Johnson et al. 2004). When they see this kind of advertisements, they will be more likely notion encouraged by the advertisements because everyone wants to be sexy, happy and successful. Since these advertisements show that they can feel all of the feelings, this will indirectly encourage them to drink so that they can feel to be more successful, happier and sexier.There are some of the tele vision programs about a group of friends ignore he or she because that person doesnt want to do something that had been asked to do by that group of friends, for example like smoking. When children watch this kind of shows, they will feel scared because they do not want to lose their friends, and they are still young to know that actually the friends who ignored them are not good friends for them. In order to be secure, children will take precaution steps before they lose their friends, and hence they will decide to smoke. This shows that television programs are indirectly encourage the children to develop the negative social in them.YOUTHS RECEIVED THE KNOWLEDGE OF NEGATIVE affable FROM OTHER SOURCESWe are doing our young people a real disservice by attempting to protect them from successive and open information that is imperative for adjustment in the real world.(Maw, 2007)Some people argue that youths can get the information and knowledge from their friends, parents, teachers, magazines, etc. There are also some of them who claim that the point of television programs show all these kind of programs is because they want to protect todays youth by showing them the real side of world. However, television is still the most influenced medium. This is because, children can spend most of their time in front of television and can watch that particular show for a long period of time as well as get the information in detail throughout the show. If compared to the information by the parents, peers, etc, they will not get the information in detail. Besides that, it is not that they will spend their time with their parents and peers to ripple about it for 24 hours, they need to talk about something else too like family talk and etc. Hence, that is why television programs will give more impact on the negative social development amongst youths compared to the other sources.4.0 TELEVISION PROGRAMS MAY AFFECT SELF DEVELOPMENT AND SELF ESTEEMIn order to arrive at a good relationship with other people, it is important for us to have good self esteem and self confidence in ourselves so that we can achieve our goals. People who have trouble getting positive relationship and afraid to do anything that can improve their life is due to the lack of self esteem. We can always see beautiful skinny models and actresses on television. Most of the children will then start to feel insecure and they will definitely want to do something with their bodies so that they can feel as good as the beautiful skinny models and actresses on television. However, in order for them to maintain their bodies or to get the body like their role models, they have to sacrifice a lot of things. For example, they have to diet in order to be beautiful and skinny like models and actresses on television. This will affect the youths self development and self esteem.4.1 THEY HAVE SLEEPING PROBLEMS BY WATCHING TELEVISIONSleeping disorders and sleeping patterns among youths have been neu tered by television viewing. In order to get healthy sleep, we need regular sleep schedules. Thompson Christakis (2005) state that watching television actualizes the youths to have more irregular sleep disorders. Children need to get enough sleep so that their brain can work and can think carefully. If they do not have enough sleep, their brain will be very tired and cannot think carefully which will indirectly make their brain to be slow. When the brain is slow, this will affect the development of the youth. Besides that, the development of youth will be affected by the sleeping problems because they need to have enough sleep to grow. The growth at this age is very important and the growth rate should not be affected by anything so that the self development will not be interrupted.4.2 THEY TEND TO PUT ON DIETWhen they see beautiful actresses and models on television, they feel insecure about their bodies and they will start on diet to get hot body like those actresses and models. When they look someone beautiful on television, their self esteem will automatically being activated. They will start to ask themselves whether they are beautiful or not. For example, when someone sees Megan hoax on television, she will automatically feel very insecure and she thinks that herself is ugly. She will definitely think the way how to compete herself with Megan Fox. No matter how preety that person is, normally if she sees someone who she thinks is preety, her self esteem will then automatically be activated and cause her not to eat in order to be preety like the others. Not only that, when they are not having a proper diet, this will also affect the self development on them.SELF ESTEEM AND SELF DEVELOPMENT CAN BE AFFECTED BY PEOPLE SURROUNDING THEMPeople who do not agree with television programs may affect self development and self esteem say that self esteem and self development can be affected by people surrounding them. It is true that it can be affected by surround ing people but we have to remember that our surrounding people are random people. We will not see the same person every day. It is also possible if the children see their idols as random people for only once. Compared to television, children can always see their idols on television again and again, which will make them feel more uncomfortable with themselves due to the self esteem and self development. Hence, television is the biggest influenced medium on youths.5.0 RECOMMENDATIONSThe following recommendations have been made to solve the problem of youths attitude that has been affected by the television programsProvide the youths with media education and monitor themDiscuss the contents of the shows with youthsGive them more confidence in themselvesAccording to the American honorary society of Pediatrics, the kids will be less influenced to the negative effects of watching violent shows on television by the help of media education. Some studies have shown that media education can m ake the kids to have less violent behavior after watching violent shows on television (Kyla, 2009). This shows that media education can help the youths to control their aggressive behavior hithertothough they have watched a lot of violence shows. Hence, it is not wrong for the parents to try the method of providing their children with media education. each it works or not, parents are highly recommended to try this method as it is one of the most effective ways for controlling childrens behavior. We have to remember that we cannot control everyones interest. If the kids love to watch violent programs, we cannot stop them from watching it and it is not wrong for them to watch it as long as they can differentiate what is good and what is bad. Besides that, another way to prevent the youths from having aggressive or violent behavior is parents should monitor the children on what they are watching. This is to prevent the children from straight away imitate whatever they have seen on t elevision, especially for kids. Parents should try to explain to kids as many as possible about what have been shown on television because the children do not know how to differentiate which one is reality or fantasy as they are still young and know nothing about it. Usually, children love to imitate the aggressive or violent behavior from study and this is the main reason that the parents need to explain to their children about reality and fantasy terms to give the children an idea about this issue.Secondly, parents should discuss the contents of the programs with their children in order to avoid the development of negative social amongst the youths. The advertisements about alcohol and cigarette as well as sex scenes cannot be avoided from the youths. Parents should spend more time with their children to share whims between them. Parents need to know what exactly on their childrens mind so that they can give advices to their children. This is the time for the parents to be a goo d role model for their children. Give them good advices and hear their opinion patiently without judging. Eventhough their thoughts are wrong, parents need to correct it and give them a bigger idea about the effects of alcohol, smoking and sex before married by giving them a story based on experience or tell them the consequences of all these actions.In order to avoid self esteem and self development from being affected, parents should help their children to build confidence in themselves. They should remind their children how attractive they are and nobodys perfect. Parents should keep on telling their children that that all those beautiful skinny models and actresses on television must have scarceness in themselves. Parents have to help their children to build their confidence so that they do not want to be someone else due to the confidences that have been built in them. Besides that, parents should set rules for their children. For example, set the rule that they have to switch off the television before 10 P.M so that they can sleep early and get enough sleep. This rule may help the children to have a good self development..6.0 CONCLUSIONTo summarize, television programs contribute more damage than benefits. Television programs may lead to aggressive behavior and violent behavior as kids become immune to violence and they tend to imitate what is shown on television. Eventhough aggressive and violent behaviors are contributed through other channels, television is the main source which will lead to this behavior. This is because, they spend most of their time on watching television compared to the others. They can easily imitate the violent behavior due to the blur images of good and evil which have been created by television programs. Since they watch more violent television programs, they become immune to the horror of violence as they can always see violence in the television programs that they are watching.Evidently, television programs enhance negative social development amongst youths. This can be proven by the theory of monkey see, monkey do. Whatever have been seen by them on television, they can always do if they want to without thinking the consequences because they are still young and do not know how to differentiate the good and the bad things. Eventhough the knowledge of negative social can be received from other sources, television is the most influenced medium because they can watch those actions as if it is real while magazines and posters are only in a form of pictures.Not only that, television programs may also affect self development and self esteem. The self development is affected by the sleeping disorder because they might watch their favourite shows until late night and have not enough sleep. Sometimes they tend to put on diet due to their self esteem as they see beautiful skinny models and actresses so that they can be as preety as those models and actresses. Youths can always see the beautiful skinny models an d actresses as long as they watch television, they cannot avoid from seeing them on television. Do you think it is logic for us not to see even one beautiful actress? Of course the answer is no and that is why television is the most influence medium which can affect self development and self esteem.In a nutshell, television programs do affect the attitude of youths today as it enhances negative social development amongst youths, which may lead to aggressive or violent behavior, and they tend to affect self development and self esteem.

Program Notes About Musical Composers Music Essay

Program Notes About Musical Composers Music EssaySweelinck was the last and most important composer of the melodious era of the Netherlanders and genius of the most famous organists and teachers of his time. None of his vocal spiels were set in his ingrained language -they were mostly in French- and none of his sacred songs were written for public worship services entirely rather for private gatherings. Chantez Dieu is a circumstance of Psalm 96 as presented in the French measured Psalter of Clment Marot and Thodore de Bze, later to be kn avouch as the Genevan Psalter. In this Psalter the Psalms atomic number 18 versified and assigned to a melody built from the church modes Psalm 96 being assigned to a melody built in the Dorian mode. Sweelinck sets his polyphonic version in the style of the cantus firmus psalm, where the quoted melody is outspread among different voices and interrupted by interludes that reference the original melody in rhythmic and songlike derivations. Chantez Dieu was published in Sweelincks Livre quatriesme et conclusionnal des pseaumes de David in 1621, concluding olibanum his setting of all the Psalms shortly earlier his wipeout. Sweelincks polyphonic setting of the complete Psalter is considered a monument of Netherlandish music and unequalled in the sacred concerted music of its time.Palestrina stands in music history as one of the towering composers of the 16th one C and a genuinely prolific composer of church music. The mastery and balance of his polyphonic style helped reconcile the functional and aesthetic aims of Catholic church music of the post-Tridentine era (after the Council of Trent), earning him the mythical status of savior of church music. Sicut Cervus is found in Palestrinas second book of motets for four voices, Moctetorum liber secundus (1584). Both the first and second books of motets for four voices depict the equilibrium in composition that has been seen as the hallmark of Palestrinas polyphony su ccessive melodic segments carefully crafted to create a swell up-balanced melodic motion, even in inner voices, and a control of dissonance that creates a texture of prominent purity and consistency of sonority. Sicut Cervus is a good example of such polyphony. Palestrina crafts the motet in a elbow room in which the echoic soak ups are almost identical to each other and with melodic entrances on any the first or fifth scale degrees creating a very balanced and open sonority. Word moving-picture show is achieved with melismatic runs on the newsworthiness aquarum implying the movement of the water, syncopated movement and entrances at the fourth and sixth scale degrees at desiderat implying the dramatic desire, and syncopated melismas in the first and fifth scale degrees to emphasize the word God at Deus.The Silver Swan (1612)Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625)Gibbons was one of the leading English composers of the primordial 17th century and a tell keyboard virtuoso. His reputati on as a composer rests largely on his sacred works, which circulated widely and are still a part of the English sacred music repertory. The Silver Swan and almost all of his secular make are contained in his First Set of Madrigals and Motets (1612), work that demonstrates Gibbons affinity to the earlier tradition of the partsong and consort song. In The Silver Swan, Gibbons presents the ancient legend of the swan, who lives in silence all its life merely breaks into beautiful tattle moments before its death. Word painting is achieved by the use of polyphony, adding imitative lines to the initial homophonic structure and multiplying the recurrences of the lines as death approaches. The imitative lines disappear at the cadence of Leaning her breast against the reedy shore where a raised fourth and a lowered seventh create a poignant harmony resembling the death of the swan and leave a mostly homophonic structure with one distinctive line, reminiscent of the swan, weaken into the fi nal cadence.Il bianco e dolce cigno (1593)Jacques Arcadelt (1507-1568)The eroticism of the poem becomes evident as the lyricist contrasts his profess death to that of the mythical swan while the swan literally dies, the poet suffers a figuratively kind of death, one that fills him with desire and would very willingly endure thousandfold a day The piece is mostly homophonic and thus lends itself for text painting in various ways. A lowered seventh adds poignancy to the crying at ed io piangendo, a sudden short polyphonic section with a transient resolution to the shoddy paints the blissfulness at io moro beato and, after another homophonic session, a sudden outburst of close imitative polyphony that actively layers melodies on top of each other creates the anxious excitement and intimacy of the daily thousand deaths. Il bianco e dolce cigno was published in Arcadelts Il primo libro di madrigali (1539). Though he excelled in other genres and also published four more collections o f madrigals, Il primo libro di madrigali became his most well known work and was very widely disseminated. Paintings of the time depict musicians playing Arcadelts compositions, portraying thus the acquired fame of the composer.Cantique de blue jean Racine (1865)Gabriel Faur (1845-1924)Faurs Cantique is a paraphrase of the Tuesday matins hymn Consors paternis luminis, traditionally ascribed to St. Ambrose, written by the 17th century poet and dramatist Jean Racine. Published in Nicolas Letorneuxs Brviaire Romain en latin et franais (1688), the poem was soon condemned as heretic and banned from liturgical practice due to its Jancenistic tendencies (differing theological movement). The ban was subsequently removed but the poem was never included in the Roman Breviary. Faur set the poem to music in 1865 and it acquire him the first prize in composition during his last year as student at the lolly Niedermeyer. Though a very childly work, Faures Cantique de Jean Racine does reflect t he style tendencies that the composer would later adopt, paying very special attention to harmony and sonority for expressive purposes. From the initial key of Db major Faure travels to the mediant paint of f minor when depicting the supplication of the penitent, highlighting the phrase divine saviour in its momentary parallel major tonality of Ab, returning immediately to f minor to finish the anguished petition. rearwards in the original key Faur places the request of Gods grace in the tonality of Ab, now serving as dominant, and moves to the parallel minor key of b-flat minor when depicting hell and a languishing soul. At the end of the work Faur returns to the original Db that modulates to its dominant Ab when referencing God, achieving thus the following likable associations throughout the work Db for the supplicant people, f and b-flat minor for anguish and hell, and the dominant Ab as divine references.O sacrum convivium (1937)Olivier MessiaenMessiaens integrative style r eflects the modernism of his time and its quest to depart from traditional Western harmony looking choke into the Greek modes, devising his own modes of limited transposition, and eventually incorporating his ornithology research into his works using his transcriptions of bird songs into his own compositions. Attributed to St. Thomas Aquinas, the Latin text of O sacrum convivium was included in the ancient liturgy of the Liber Usualis as a Second Vespers antiphon for the Feast of Corpus Christi depicting the wonder of the sacrament of the Eucharist (Holy Communion). agree to the doctrine of transubstantiation, the given wine and bread are transformed into the literal blood and body of Christ. In his setting of O sacrum convivium, Messiaen constructs the haunting, mysterious atmosphere of this transubstantiation devising a very open organum-like harmonisation for the lower three voices in the key of F and traveling very chromatically through the tonalities of the dominant, the supe rtonic, the sub-dominant and the tonic, creating thus an eerie, solemn effect for the peculiar event. Messiaen adds poignancy and mystery by creating a melody reminiscent of early chant and borrowed from from foreign keys, primarily the parallel minor, and placing it in the top voice juxtaposing it thus against the organum-like structure and impinge on against its harmonies.Spaseniye sodelal (1912)Pavel Chesnokov (1877-1944)Composed in 1912, Chesnokovs Spaseniye is one of the last sacred works of the composer. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 Chesnokov was constrained to turn to the composition of secular music under the new Communist rule artists were prohibited to do any kind of sacred art. In 1933 the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, whose last precentor had been Chesnokov, was demolished to construct a government building for the Soviet regime after this action Chesnokov halt composing music altogether. Spaseniye is a setting of Psalm 7412 based on a Kievan cha nt and composed as a Friday communion hymn of the Russian Orthodox Church liturgy. Chesnokovs setting of the Kievan chant is harmonized in the tonalities of D major and the parallel key of b minor. The openness of the harmonic structure derives from the heavy usage of fifths and octaves, spanning a range from the low B in the deep line to the high A in the soprano line, constructed in a very homophonic texture that highlights the melodic content and the harmonic effect of the open chords.O schne Nacht (1877)Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)One of the most prominent composers of the romanticist era, Johannes Brahms excelled in several of the traditional genres. In addition to his great contributions in the instrumental forms, Brahms also produced a rich repertory of choral music and is best known in this genre for his Ein deutsches Requiem and his motets. O schne Nacht (1877) is found in a compilation of quartets for singers and piano, Brahmss Vier Quartette fr vier Singstimmen und Klavie r, Opus 62 (1884). In O schne Nacht, the poet Georg Friederich Daumer draws upon elements from nature to depict a amiable night, full of the urgency of young romance, and perfectly suited for a passionate fulfillment. Brahms music reflects this atmosphere creating a syncopated rhythm that arpeggiates harmonies in the offbeats, creating thus the effect of urgency and anxiety, ironically contrasting the serene description of the lovely night. Brahms affinity for word painting is reflected in his masterful musical depiction of the eroticism of the text. When the nightingale is referenced the rhythmic travel rapidly increases and the melody takes more excited jumps resembling the mighty singing of the bird, the excitement finds rhythmic and harmonic release at the end of the phrase through sextuplet driven harmonies. The very next reference is that of the youth drawing off close to his beloved, Brahms sets the imagery by having the male voices sing their line and adding the female vo ices imitatively, layering the female sound on top of the male and thus creating a twirling effect for the two sounds that is released at the word gently, word that is decidedly repeated in duple meter pulses and is harmonically fulfilled at the final exclamation of the lovely night. The final lovely night is now fulfilled as the offbeat pulse has been decreased by sustaining the same notes, as opposed to the former arpeggiated form, and as a melodic accompaniment in the bass line soothes and alleviates this final release into calmness.

Importance of Youth Sports | Essay

Importance of Youth Sports Es adduceSports as an activity outhouse be traced back to the earliest existence of human worlds, for as long as they ingest been dynamical and skylarkive. It is a great authority for people to master the benefits of nature and their surrounding or environment for that matter. By studying the history of sports, we push aside mark off about the social changes that man has g unmatched finished in the past as well as the transformations that sports in itself has underg one and only(a). These changes be for the approximately part evidenced in the changes of the rules that curb the various riotous activities as well as in the manner in which they ar played. It involves the education and exercise of natural human talents and skills as opposed to exercising them for their importance.Sports has mainly been a preserve of those in their youth as that is the point at which one still has the strength, agility, mindset and the motivation to be actively involved in it. In most sporting activities, one is said to be at their vertex in their youth. Sports can be broadly categorized as either team sports or soulfulness sports. Team sports include soccer, basketball, netball, hockey, baseball, volleyball among opposites. Individual sports include games like badminton, tennis, squash, table tennis, darts, scrabble, and chess among others. The other classification of sporting activities can be physical or non-physical. The physical sports argon those that require carryment of the system muscles for which physical fittingness is of the essence. Majority of sports fall in this course of study. Non-physical sports include board games like chess, draft, scrabble among others these ar mostly played in the mind but nevertheless are still sports.All over the world, sporting activities fox gived great entertainment for audiences. The 2006 FIFA football world cup in Germany alone had a accumulative television audience of 26.29 billio n in-home and 2.1 billion out of-home viewers (fifa.com). Football is non in this category alone, sports like basketball, baseball and other mainstream sports have been known to have a lot of their tournaments declared interchange out due to over subscription by fans intent on going to watch their favorite players pommel their adversarys. The entertainment endured by these sporting activities ensures people spend their free time progressively instead of withering it on activities that give in the end non add any value to their lives.Sports among the youth is a key factor that has been noted to promote prosocial characteristic traits among individuals. According to Bar-Tal, (1976) and Bierhoff, (2002), prosocial are verificatory forms of social manner that are not motivated by personal obligations, quite an they are voluntary and they have positive results. These include cooperation, sharing, value, altruism and many others (Larrieu Mussen, 1986). Sports among the youth is thus a very important tool with which individuals, especially the antisocial ones can hone their social skills through interaction with their team mates as well as the opposing players. Through this interaction, ones communication skills are also enhanced and developed and these are acquisitions that exit benefit the individual later on in vivification.Obesity has reached worrying proportions and this is a crabbed concern to health experts especially since this is caused by an increased rate of inactivity among the youth (National Institute of Health, n.d. origination Health Organization, 2000). According to Storm Jenkins, (2002), the childhood obesity rates which currently stand at nigh 15% are an increase of over 40% through the past 40 years. Childhood obesity is not only a cause of health problems at the present in the form of case II diabetes but due to its relation to adult obesity, these individuals are likely to become struggling adults with obesity if they do no t change their sedentary lifestyles. By act in sports activities especially for the purposes of having fun, these children will not only enjoy themselves but they will also have the added avail of working their bearing to a better lifestyle that will improve their health.Youths who engage in sporting activities are encouraged to learn strong sportsmanship qualities and by learning these they also get to familiarize with the five Cs of positive youth reading. These five Cs are competence, government agency, connection, compassion caring, and character. These are important life tools and skills that any growing and evolution youth need in order to be able to relate with his juniors, peers as well as seniors well. They enable the individual to grow into a respectable adult capable of making wise decisions that will positively influence not only himself but also those around him. Through sports, one acquires the confidence to tackle the obstacles that life throws at him having b ecome accustomed to challenges from various types of opponents.Sports among the youth are a good charge of passing free time. According to health organizations, there is a growing trend of righteous decadence among the youth which is leading to very promising lives universe wasted due to drugs. Most of these drug activities are carried out due to individuals having a lot of idle time in which they do not enter in any physical activities, as a result, they resort to destructive drug habits. subject field studies have shown that most of the youth who engage in sporting activities have a much start out likelihood to engage in drug activities as it interferes with their performance on the fields and at the identical time, especially for those interested in pursuing sports as careers, it us likely to cut short their dreams. Sports thusly acts as a deterrent from drugs.Careers have been developed through sports. In the early 90s, one of the most popular individuals all over the wo rld was Michael Jordan, and it was not because of his ever shining bald head. Jordan possessed flow skills that mad non-sports enthusiasts feel like they should get off their couches and go shoot some hoops. basketball game was Michael Jordans career, and he enjoyed it because later in an interview, he calmly stated that he was having fun since he was acquiring paid to do his hobby. Currently there are millions of athletes who have turned into millionaires simply by engaging in activities that they once considered hobbies. They are earning even more than some of the employees on Wall Street. Sports can therefore end up providing the youth with a way of fending for themselves in this world where white collar jobs have become scarce and the manual jobs are being constantly replaced by technology. Careers can therefore be created through sports.Sports does not only create employment opportunities for the participants, off the field, there are team managers, tacticians, fitness expert s, dietary advisors and a whole lot of other experts who benefit from the youths involvement in sports. Jobs are created for reasonableness men who have to ensure football pitches have been watered to the required standards, the referees, umpires and other officials whose duty it is to ensure that the rules and regulations governing the various games are followed, and to ensure that order is maintained. Psychologists are also at hand to leave in depth analysis of the reasons why various actions are taken by various individuals. checkup practitioners make killings by bringing in products, albeit illegal, that can help athletes to improve their performances in their various sports. These are just a few of the beneficiaries of youth engaging in sports, but it is therefore true to say youth and sports are employers to very many individuals all over the world. Some individuals, especially the introverts have problems associating with people, they would rather stay within their shells and remain alone. When these people engage in sports, they may end up being so excellent in them and that would provide them with a sort of an identity which they can be tall of. These individuals will have a common ground with which they can socialize and that helps them open up to the rest. It is not unusual to find people for whom when they have problems, they run, not to their families first, but to their teammates. They get a sense of be there and that makes sports a big player in fostering relations and creating environments in which people can socialize. This is also true for people who may not have anything in common, except love for a particular team or sports and they form friendship since they meet at the venue of the game on regular basis. Many life long friendships have been formed in football stands.Having the youth participate in sports provides them with the necessary experiences that they can apply to great benefit later in life. In sports, one comes face to face with the realities of life that includes success and victory, shame, misfortune and defeat. Disappointments are common and these are important things that one has to get used to. Life is not a one way street to success and these experiences provide one with the foundation on which to base future decisions. One learns important lessons like how to react to failure and how to survive without giving up in the face of adversity, how to celebrate victories without making opponents feel like they are worthless, how to hang on and give your best to your team even though they may not be having a great day, and how to console teammates after losing an emotional game.These and others make people bond together into a tight knit unit that appreciates every individuals strengths and weaknesses. Sports makes people to appreciate the fact that not all man are perfect and people make errors, the important thing is how to put those errors in the pat and move on without getting scarred for life, an d those are lessons learnt from sports. Sports therefore touch the lives of people, spectators and players alike and create bonds among them that are backbreaking even in difficult times. It is common to see players cry when a teammate gets injured or is no longer going to continue playing with them, the outside world may know the players strengths on the field, but it is the teammates who train daily with him who know his contribution both on and off the field.Playing in sports involves taking risks and being able to live with the consequences. One will have to make authentic decisions without well-read how the opponent will react, but he shall go forward nevertheless with the decision and hope the opponent swallows his bait. This makes individuals better prepared for the situations that they will be involved in later on in life that may require them to make decisions without being aware of the consequences. Athletes are also usually under the advice of their coaches and manager s who have a say in the decisions they make. Sports therefore makes individuals obey authority and this moulds them into responsible adults who have fear and respect to authority. This makes the caller a better place to live in as people are encircled by individuals who are not self serving, but care how the outcome of their actions will impact on the society around them.When engaging in sports that are physical in nature, an individual has to be in shape and physical fitness will be a quality that will determine winners and losers. The fitness expectations will make an individual to live a healthy lifestyle, eating healthy foods, doing physical activities that will better make them able to compete well. Sport s therefore encourages healthy lifestyles among the youth and leads to the development of a better society of healthy people. Games also need individuals to analyze their opponents and develop tactics with which to arrest them having discovered their weaknesses. At the same time one will know how to use their strength to their advantage and how to use it to cover their weaknesses. Therefore individuals will learn how to strategize and overpower opponents, skills that are necessary for survival not only in the competition but in the world as well.Sports is a great way of bringing people together and spreading the messages of goodwill. The world is currently faced with a situation where no single race is social or dominant in a given sport, many other individuals are coming up to challenge the status quo and this may not go right with certain individuals who are of the opinion that their races are superior. Therefore sports is increasingly being used as a way of encouraging people to live and associate together in harmony and to shun evils such as racism. Sports is also being used to pass messages of peace among humans. These make it important among the youth as it makes them take in the issues that are unfolding before them in a language they can relat e to.Among the youth, sports is also being used as a tool for reaching out to the less fortunate. It is very common to heed of tournaments organized to raise funds towards certain causes like helping victims of hurricane disasters, tsunamis among others. Sports therefore acts as a way in which the youth can use what they have in the form of their talents to give back to the society that has helped mould them into who they are. Very many children are growing up and are in need of reference models to give them something to look forward to. Outstanding sports personalities are usually great role models for such children in that from most of them come stories of winning a struggle. Most successful athletes either came from very humble backgrounds or had to struggle in the face of adversity in order to make it to where they are.There are also others who may not have had it so rough in the beginning, but still had to go through experiences in their lives which would have made them give up their dreams. Instead they took the bull by the horn and confronted their fears and are today great in whatever they do, providing an inspiration to the billions in need of it in the world. Sports thus provide the role models to give the motivation for others to pursue their dreams and ambitions.ReferencesBierhoff, H.W. (2002). Prosocial behavior. New York Taylor Francis.Bar-Tal, D. (1976). Prosociabehavior Theory and research. Washington, D.C. Hemsphere.Larrieu, J., Mussen, P. (1986). Some personality and motivational correlates of childrens prosocial behavior. journal of Genetic Psychology, 147(4), 529-542.World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva Author.About Fifa TV Data. Retrieved on tenth October 2009 From http//www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketing/factsfigures/tvdata.htmlStorm, H., Jenkins, M. (2002). Go girl Raising healthy, confident, and successful girls through sports. Naperville, IL Sourcebooks.Mary Sara Wells, Skye G. Arthur-Banning, Karen P. Paisley, Gary D. Ellis, Mark F. Roark and Sara black cat Journal of Park and Recreation Administration Spring 2008 Volume 26,Number 1 pp. 1-21 Good (Youth) Sports victimization Benefits-Based Programming to Increase Sportsmanship Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1996).Physical activity and health A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Perkins, D. F., Jacobs, J. E., Barber, B. L., Eccles, J. S. (2004). Childhood and adolescent sports participation as predictors of participation in sports and physical fitness activities during young adulthood. Youth and Society, 35(4), 495520.Escobedo, Stryer, B. K., Tofler, I. R., Lapchick, R. (1998). A developmental overview of child and youth sports in society. Sports Psychiatry, 7, 697711.Smith, R.E., SmoU, F.L. (1996). charge to go, Coach A scientifically validated approach to, coaching effectimness. Portola Valley, CA Warde Publishers.Smoll, F.L., S mith, R.E. (1989). Leadership behaviors in sport A conceptual model and Research paradigm. Journal of Applied Sodal Psychology, 19, 1522-1551.SmoU, F.L., Smith, R.E. (Eds.). (1996). Children and youth in sport A biopsychosocini perspective. Dubuque, lA McGraw-Hill

Competition Between The Three Major Supermarkets Economics Essay

Competition Between The Three Major Super groceryplaces economics EssayFor my Extended Essay, I resolute to investigate the ch distributivelyenger mingled with the triple major super food markets in my local anaesthetic bea, and whether they cabal or not, proposition my research question To what uttermost do the bigger supermarkets in my local bea collude with individu entirelyy opposite? By analysing info retentiveness on price from the tether supermarkets, it was undercoat that cardinal of the trinity supermarkets at hand colluded unsoundedly with for each one round opposite(a), under and oligopoly market coordinate. The wrongs of fifteen undistinguishable prices were recorded across a magazine couplet of three weeks. The analyses of these prices deport to two remnants. Firstly, it was found that two supermarkets colluded with each other, but still had non-price competition amid them. This was brinyly collectable to the advantage of the two sto res acting as a monopoly by charging the same price. This everyowed the two supermarkets to aim ab median(prenominal) profit, which in turn they apply to create a stronger brand loyalty, and frankincense, a very much ine furthestic ingest curve. Secondly, it was found one of the supermarkets was undercutting the other two supermarkets prices. The main(prenominal) reason for this was that the supermarket could gain greater tax at the time by undercutting rivals, out-of-pocket to having to a greater extent customers. These findings show that on that point was secret approval in the midst of larger supermarkets in my argona, but not surrounded by all supermarkets. Finally, the essay could be improved if I included more merchandises in my data collection, as intimately as aggregation the data over a all-night time period.1. INTRODUCTIONTesco, Asda and Sainsburys argon the three main supermarkets that constitute periodic shopping for the public in my local ara, west C harlton. These three supermarkets are recognised for their vast range in goods and at affordable prices. It is no surprise because that in ground of market share, they each defend the top three places for having the most market share in the U.K.1 During the last couple of years, though, I piddle noticed that m each of the smaller supermarkets in the same scene of action begin begun to close overcome.Since enrolling in the IB Higher political economy course and studying market structures in particular, Ive developed an engagement into how supermarkets cope with each other, or even, how they collude unitedly. whitethornbe, given their large hold of the market share, the benefits from collusion would be unmatchable compared to other smaller supermarkets, in terms of increased sales revenue. Also, wee-weeal collusion, one of two forms of collusion, is amerciable as it goes against the Competition Act 1998 (the Act) Chapter 12.Therefore, the research question I go conjectur e is To what extent do the larger supermarkets in my local rural area collude with each other?To be able to explore this research question, I leave alone first pay a summary of the supermarkets, where the characteristics of them allow for be described. This will lead on to my next section where I will discuss relevant theoretical market structures and relate economic theories to them. later I have dictateded these theories, I will meditatione which market structure is adequate for the supermarkets present, thus creating a sufficient research design where the prices of standardised intersection points will be compared. Finally, I will analyse the calm data and prove or disprove my research question, leading to a conclusion of my essay and exploring possible limitations.2. MARKET SUMMARYIn the area I am studying there are three main supermarkets Asda, Tesco and Sainsburys, primed(p) in West Charlton (appendix 1.1). Each supermarket is alike(p) in size, satisfying the vas t needs of the inhabitants in the area. It is worth mentioning that repayable to the supermarkets organism of a secure size structurally, there must have been large start up be. Each of the three engages in non-price competition. This includes things such as advertising on T.V, having parking areas and the use of brand label. The offerings of these services are in the effort to attract more customers. Take for example, Asda, which has parking as well as various sectors to its stores such as electrical and clothing sections as well as groceries. The aim of this is that customers rouse visit only this store by satisfying all their needs from the vast offers of goods. Furthermore, each supermarket advertises their brand names to gain more customers due to the brand loyalty it has established. This could make their subscribe to curve more inelastic, meaning that an increase in the price of a good would result in the increased revenue exceeding the diminution of quantity sold (a ppendix 1.2).These three supermarkets also dictate the majority of market share, as I have mentioned. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that Sainsburys and Asda are propagate for 24 hours from Tuesday to F riday, otherwise it is from 7 in the morning to 11 in the evening. Tesco are aerofoil from 7 to 11 everyday, apart from Sunday when they open an hour later and close an hour earlier. I outweart think that the slightly lesser hours that Tesco is opened during the week will come to my research much, or at all. This is due to the accompaniment that I dont think Tesco make much of their sales in the midst of midnight and 7 in the morning.3. MARKET STRUCTURE THEORIESI will at one time present the four lineaments of market structure theories and their assumptions. I will not overtaking into great detail on the structure of a monopoly as this is not a possible market structure for the supermarkets, given the fact that there is evidently more than one unanimous in the area. This i s the same for perfective aspect competition, as the goods produced by supermarkets are not identical.Firstly, I will present the market structure of a monopolistic competition. The assumptions of this market structure are3* The constancy is made up by a large form of theatres* The firms each act independently of each other, due to each firm being small, relative to the size of the pains* The firms produce contraryiated harvest-times consumers pot rate one product from another* Firms are free to enter and issuing the industry, due to lack of barriers to entry and exit* Firms are able to make abnormal profits in the short run, however due to lack of barriers to entry this attracts other firms into the industry. This performer that in the huge run, only normal profits are able to be madeDue to the fact that the supermarkets in question are of a substantial size, I believe that the start up cost in itself will be of a great barrier to entry. Also, I dont believe the indust ry I am examining is made up of a large number of firms, as there are only three supermarkets of their type in the local area.Another market structure that the supermarkets could come under is an oligopoly. These are the basic assumption of an Oligopoly4* A few firms dominate the industry* There are barriers to entry and/or exit for the industry* The firms are price makers as they have a downward sloping necessitate curve* The firms are interdependent the action of one firm fire have an effect on another* brachydactylic profits can be made both in the short run and long runIn addition to these assumptions, firms in an Oligopoly can be each collusive or non-collusive.Non collusive oligopolies face price stability due to the kinked demand curve. This is shown in figure 1.Figure 15Due to the kinked demand curve, price will be stabilized at price P. This happens as the Price elasticity of Demand (PED The responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price)6 above price P is greater than 1. This means that an increase in price above point P will result in a loss of revenue. Likewise, the PED below price P is less than one, meaning a reduction in price to this level will result in a loss of revenue again. Due to these factors, it is logical that firms do not favour either move, so they are said to be shelter at point P. This also results in the output being persistent at point Q as a change in b enounceline cost from MC1 to MC2 would still mean output would stay at Q. This is due to firms in this market structure producing at the profit maximising point, where MC=MR.7Firms in this market structure whitethorn also be collusive. This exists when the firms collude to charge the same prices for their products, in effect acting as a monopoly. There are two types of collusion, formal and tacit. Formal collusion exits when firms openly agree on the prices they will charge. In the case of supermarkets in the U.K, it is illegal for t his to occur as it is deemed to be going against the interest of the consumer due to it resulting in less output and higher prices. Tacit collusion, however, exists when firms charge the same prices without any formal collusion. The three supermarkets in question may have persistent to charge the same prices and not compete with each other, in commit to increase revenue. This is represented in figure 2.Figure 28As shown in figure 2, firms can make abnormal profits between their price and cost, due to the price exceeding the cost to the firm. This form of collusion is very possible as each supermarket is very akin(predicate) to each other and all produce same type goods.Firms in an Oligopoly can experience economies of carapace. Economies of scale are any decreases in the long-run average cost that occur when a firm changes all of its factors of production, in order to increase its scale of output. There are a number of assorted economies of scale that can benefit a firm as it increases its scale of output. These can be 9* Specialisation- Firms can be more effectual when they specialize in different areas of expertise* Division of labour- This is the breaking down of a longer production process into many smaller activities, do production more efficient by reducing unit cost* Bulk buying- As firms increase in scale they are oft able to negotiate discounts with their suppliers, as they are buying more altogether. This reduces the firms cost of input, and thus their unit costs of production* monetary economies- Larger firms are able to get loans at refuse interest rates, as they are seen as a lesser risk to channel money to than smaller firms, by the bankThe assumptions of a monopoly are as followed10* Only one firm producing the product at hand, so the firm is the industry* High barriers to entry and/or exit* Abnormal profits can be made in the long run, due to barriers to entryThis market structure is improbable to be present in my research area as there are clearly more than firm in the same industry.Finally, the basic assumptions of perfect competition are* The industry is made up by many firms, so fare output cannot be affected by one firm* The firms all produce homogeneous (exactly identical) products* No barriers to entry and/or exit* Producers and consumers all have perfect knowledge of the marketAgain, this market structure is unlikely to feature in my study, mainly due to the fact that there is product differentiation, as well as evident start up costs.4. guessAfter reviewing and comparing the discussed market summary and theories, I have hypothesised that the market structure the supermarkets are in are oligopoly. I have reached this hypothesis for the main reasons that* There are evident barriers to entry such as strong branding of products and start up costs* There are only three supermarkets in the local area, between them sharing just near 64% of the market share.11In addition to these points, I believe tacit collusion between the three supermarkets would greatly benefit their competition with other smaller supermarkets in the area. It would also avoid unnecessary competition between each other, and perhaps result in gaining more customers.After hypothesising that the three supermarkets are in an oligopoly, and thus capable of collusion, I will now be able to test my research question To what extent do the larger supermarkets in my local area collude with each other?5. RESEARCH DESIGNFor me to test my formulated research question, I will create a methodology. I will compare the prices of 15 different products across the three supermarkets. I will check the prices erstwhile every week for three weeks, so I can get a mean price at the end, making the result more reliable. I will make sure the prices of the same products are taken in the same time period, and where possible, use products produced in the U.K. This would avoid export costs affected and invalidating results. If not enough U.K based products can be found, I will make sure that any exported product used will have been exported from all supermarkets. This will maintain a dot of validity in the research. I will also avoid products produced by the supermarkets themselves. This would be because the cost of production may be very different from one supermarket compared to another, thus having a large impact on the last pricing. I will compare independent brands that feature across all three stores. Each supermarket in the area of West Charlton is located deep down one mile of each other.12In terms of the data collection, I will go to each supermarket and compare similar, or when possible, identical products and their prices. I will note down their current price at which they merchandise at. Also, I will go to each supermarket close to their opening generation on Saturday, as on this day the stores all open at the same time. The reason for not going later on in the day is because of price reduction on non- durable goods that are set to expire. If I include goods which prices have just been reduced temporarily to get rid of lasting stock, it would not represent the overall pricing of the good in regular situations.Lastly, I will compare the prices using adequate means of analysis thus deducing whether or not there is enough similar pricing evident to suggest collusion of some sort.6. DATA collecting ANALYSISFirstly, I will present my data put in for the prices of 15 products from all three supermarkets, across a span of three weeks, once a week. Table 1 shows my findings of the prices.Table 1Source Prices collected by me for all supermarketsTo analyse the bedspread of the data, I will impart out the standard deviation for each product, which will contend the spread of the data. A lower standard deviation would indicate a set of closer, similar prices, likewise a higher standard deviation would involve less chance of collusion evident.13The standard deviation for each product is represented in Table 2, along with the mean prices for each product over the three weeks.From the standard deviation, we can see they are all overall quite small, indicating the prices are all close to the mean price. This seems to indicate some form of collusion occurring between the supermarkets. However, there are some exceptions. For some goods the standard deviation is relatively high to the other products. Also, in most of these goods, such as soft drinks, crisp packs, pizza, ice glance over and cooked chicken, it is Asda who feature the lowest price out of the three, while Tesco and Sainsburys have similar prices to each other. This seems to show that there is possible collusion between Tesco and Sainsburys, while Asda undercuts their prices.The similar pricing between Sainsburys and Tesco suggests a form of collusion, tacit or formal. I inquired to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) about my findings. The OFT are a government based organisation that visualize businesses are fair and competitive.14 In a reply they give tongue toAlthough similar prices might seem to suggest that companies are getting together to agree them, this is not needfully the case. For example, one company might have independently decided to price at a level similar to another or both may have independently decided to behave in the same way.15As similar pricing does not necessarily mean formal collusion is taking place, I will assume that the two supermarkets are tacitly colluding, although this area may be needed to be researched into further for a definite result.As well as colluding, I have also noticed that there is evidence of non-price competition between Tesco and Sainsburys. This included things such as the use of advertising, free delivery and other services situated in the store themselves. This has lead to each supermarket gaining brand loyalty, and as a result, creating a more inelastic demand curve for their products. This is possibly another explanation of wherefor e these two supermarkets in particular where of a higher price overall, compared to the other supermarket, Asda.For the case of Asda, they have employed in price war tactics, preferably than forming a collusion. In this case, undercutting rivals may be beneficial to them by increase their sales revenue. This can be represented by game conjecture.SupermarketThe table shows that if both supermarkets lower price, they will make less revenue than if they had colluded. However, it is still tempting to undercut the other store as then that would lead to greater revenue. The highlighted box shows the possible situation at the moment, with Asda undercutting the other supermarkets thus increasing revenue. This choice making situation is known as the prisoners dilemma. 16Another explanation for the lower price offered by Asda for goods could be down to lower unit costs caused by a greater fund capacity. The supermarkets cost of storage mainly depends on the material used to build them, wh ich is the surface area of the building. The level of output for the supermarket will depend on its storage capacity, so its volume area. As the size of a supermarket increases, the volume to surface area ratio increases. Therefore, the cost per unit overall will be much less than a smaller supermarket, such as Sainsburys and Tesco.Lastly, from analysing my collected data, I have reached the conclusions* Tesco and Sainsburys collude by charging very similar prices, but still have non-price competition between them.* Asda competes with a price-war tactic, by undercutting the other two supermarkets.7. CONCLUSIONThe aim of my research was to investigate the type of competition, if any, between the three major supermarkets in my area, West Charlton. The question To what extent do the larger supermarkets in my local area collude with each other? prompted me to gather the pricing of 15 identical products across the three stores. The prices were taken every Saturday morning one a week for three weeks.I found that two of the three supermarkets had signs of collusion, while the third supermarket engaged in a price-war by undercutting the other two supermarkets.Firstly, Tesco and Sainsburys have similar prices to each other, while having higher prices than Asda. This was mainly due to the two stores acting as a monopoly by colluding and charging similar prices. This meant that each firm could make abnormal profit, which they used to create greater brand loyalty, thus making the demand for their products more inelastic.Lastly, the final supermarket, Asda, engaged in price-war tactics. The main reason for this was due to the idea of gaining more revenue as indicated by the prisoners dilemma. In addition to this, Asda had a greater storage capacity, meaning an overall lower cost per unit.Therefore, after collecting data and analysing them, it is found that there was evidence of collusion, but only between two of the supermarkets, not all three studied.There are, though, ap parent limitations in my study. Firstly, my area of research was only in one town. If there is found to be some form of collusion between supermarkets here, it doesnt necessarily mean it is occurring all over the country with those same supermarkets. Also, the time span of my investigation was three weeks. This may not have been enough time to gather an appropriate amount of results to come to a reliable decision. This could be said the same for the amount of products used in my investigation 15 products may not have been enough to come to an appropriate result. As well as this, I could not make a judgement whether the collusion between Tesco and Sainsburys was either tacit or collusion. This would have to be investigated further. All of these limitations overlook the aim of my study and thus should be inspected further.8. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ACKNOWLEDGMENTAnderton, A. (2006). economic science Fourth variate. In A. Anderton, Economics Fourth Edition (pp. 63-64). Causeway Press.Dorton, I . (2007). Economics. In I. Dorton, Economics (pp. 119-123). Oxford University Press.Dorton, I. (2007). Economics. In I. Dorton, Economics (pp. 114-118). Oxford University Press.Dorton, I. (2007). Economics. In I. Dorton, Economics (p. 115). Oxford University Press.Dorton, I. (2007). Economics. In I. Dorton, Economics (pp. 81-82). Oxford University Press.Dorton, I. (2007). Economics. In I. Dorton, Economics (pp. 105-111). Oxford University Press.Garner, E. (2010, June 1). TNS Global. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from TNS Global Website http//www.tnsglobal.com/news/news-56F59E8A99C8428989E9BE66187D5792.aspx peak of Spreads. (2007). Retrieved June 3, 2010, from Stats4students http//www.stats4students.com/Essentials/Measures-Of-Spread/Overview_3.phpOffice of Fair Trading. (n.d.). Office of Fair Trading. Retrieved June 3, 2010, from http//www.oft.gov.uk/ http//www.oft.gov.uk/Office of Fair Trading. (2010, May 25). Office of Fair Trading Reply Letter. London, U.K.Prisoners Dilemma. (1997, Sept ember 4). Retrieved June 3, 2010, from Stanford Encyclopedia of doctrine http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma/

Conjunto com bancos de dados relacionais

Conjunto com bancos de dados relacionaisResumo. A programao orientada a objetos utilizada h muito tempo em conjunto com bancos de dados relacionais, que considerado o padro adotado pelo mercado h anos. Entretanto, a passagem de dados de um objeto scorea genus Uma tabela de um banco de dados relacional, do ponto de vista conceitual, costgenus Uma ser incompatvel devido as adaptaes realiza coney no modelo relacional scorea implementar integridades referenciais, facilitar consultas, etc. Por isso, outras tecnologias foram desenvolvidas scoreitytrooper tornar a take to the woodsncia de objetos em bancos de dados relacional mais natural. Neste trabalho, so apresentadas duas tecnologias com este objetivo DB4O, que utiliza um banco de dados orientado a objetos, armazenando diretamente a instncia da classe no banco de dados e o mannequin JPA, que mapeia os objetos e seus atributos parity bit suas respectivas tabelas no banco de dados relacional. A ferramenta Eclipse e o banco de dados MySQL foram utilizados para a implementao das aplicaes neste trabalho.Palavras-chave JPA, DB4O, Banco de Dados no convencional, Mapeamento Objeto-Relacional, Banco de Dados Orientado a Objeto, MySQL.1 Introduo1.1 MotivaoO crescente avano do paradigma de programao orientado a objetos tornou necessrio o estudo acerca de novas formas de carryir os dados de um sistema, pois o modelo relacional no diretamente compatvel com o paradigma, visto que no foi feito pensando para orientao a objetos.Existem duas abordagens que so o objeto de estudo deste trabalho para tratar persistncia de dados bancos de dados orientados a objetos e mapeamento objeto-relacional.Bancos de dados orientados a objetos suportam o armazenamento de objetos complexos, mantendo sua estrutura, ao contrrio dos bancos relacionais que desconhecem o conceito de objeto. Objetos so abstraes do mundo real e a manipulao destes mais simples de entender quando comparado s abstraes de um banco de dados relacional. Embora n o seja muito utilizado comercialmente, bancos de dados orientados a objeto vm evoluindo bastante, permitindo aplicaes cada vez mais robustas e atuando principalmente nas reas de manipulao de objetos complexos como espaciais, som e vdeo.O mapeamento objeto-relacional justamente serve para mapear os objetos em tabelas de um banco de dados relacional, utilizando todas as vantagens desse banco de dados e sendo transparente para o usurio. Isto facilita o trabalho do desenvolvedor e permite genus Uma melhor visualizao da relao entre os objetos e as relaes do banco reacional.Este trabalho resultado da primeira parte da disciplina ministrada pelo professor Sean W. M. Siqueira no primeiro semestre de 2009. A disciplina trata de bancos de dados no convencionais, e faz parte do currculo de Bacharelado em Sistemas de Informao da Unirio (Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) como disciplina optativa da linha de Banco de Dados.1.2 ObjetivoO objetivo deste trabalho apresentar duas t ecnologias voltadas para o desenvolvimento orientado a objeto (DB4O e JPA) e como realizar suas respectivas implementaes que testam a persistncia em um banco de dados orientado a objeto, mais especificamente o DB4O, e a persistncia utilizando o mapeamento objeto-relacional, atravs do framework JPA. Aps a demonstrao destas duas implementaes, foi realizada genus Uma comparao entre as duas abordagens, incluindo a abordagem de desenvolvimento tradicional.1.3 Modelo de classes parity a aplicao, desenvolvemos o seguinte modelo de classes1.4 Estrutura do RelatrioO relatrio est estruturado em elementos pr-textuais, 5 (cinco) upper-case lettertulos, e elementos ps-textuais. Na primeira parte h itens como sumrio e ndices. Em seguida, esto os captulos que esto brevemente descritos a seguir, e, por fim, os elementos ps-textuais.captulo 1 explica a motivao e o objetivo para este trabalho.captulo 2 apresenta o passo-a-passo para a implementao de genus Uma aplicao utilizando a tecnologia DB4O.ca ptulo 4 apresenta o passo-a-passo para desenvolvimento de genus Uma aplicao utilizando o framework JPA.captulo 4 apresenta as concluses do presente trabalho, comparando as tecnologias envolvidas.captulo 5 apresenta as referncias bibliogrficas.2 Etapas do desenvolvimento de aplicao utilizando DB4OEste captulo apresenta o passo-a-passo para desenvolvimento de aplicao utilizando o DB4O.2.1 Softwares utilizadosOs seguintes softwares foram utilizados para a implementao dos servios.EclipseJDK 62.2 Introduo ao DB4Obanco de dados orientado a objetos DB4o um software open source de fcil instalao e baixa necessidade de recurso, uma vez que ele no um SGBD e por isso no possui interface grfica e outras funcionalidades de gerenciamento.DB4o foi feito para poder ser utilizado em plataformas desktop, celulares, servidores, contanto que o ambiente seja orientado a objetos. Alm disso, ele no exige a necessidade de nenhuma programao ou ferramenta para mapear a orientao a objetos para o modelo relac ional, pois ele faz uso da orientao a objetos a seu favor, permitindo que o modelo seja uma representao fiel do banco de dados.DB4o no possui instalao. No desenvolvimento realizado, utilizando o Eclipse, a nica ao necessria para instalar o DB4o foi importar o arquivo .jar como uma biblioteca para o eclipse. Aps isso, os pacotes com os objetos necessrios para persistir os dados no DB4o esto prontos para serem utilizados.Como o DB4o no necessita de mapeamento, tambm no necessita de modelo lgico e fsico, visto que ele totalmente baseado na orientao a objetos, logo, o banco segue o modelo de classes.2.3 Metodologia de desenvolvimento parity bit realizar o desenvolvimento da aplicao, primeiro desex-se as classes POJO (Plain Java Object). Os objetos que sero armazenados no DB4O so pertencentes a essas classes de objetos implementadas no incio do desenvolvimento.Depois, desenvolve-se uma classe que permite insero, consulta, alterao e excluso de objetos do banco. paratrooper isso, neces srio importar diversas bibliotecas externas pertinentes ao desenvolvimento para DB4O e tambm abrir o arquivo onde os objetos sero armazenados, instanciando um objeto da classe ObjectContainer, que representar o banco de dados.Para insero de objetos no DB4O, utilizamos o mtodo entrap da classe ObjectContainer, que armazena um objeto passado como parmetro no DB4O.Para consulta de objetos no DB4O utilizamos o mtodo QueryByExample, que utiliza um objeto passado como parmetro como exemplo e busca o objeto semelhante no DB4O. O resultado armazenado em uma varivel do tipo ObjectSet.Para alterao de objetos no DB4O necessrio consultar o objeto que se deseja alterar e armazen-lo em um objeto da classe desejada. Depois, alterar os dados atravs do mtodo set definido na classe POJO e colocar no DB4O atravs do mtodo store, definido na classe ObjectContainer.Para a deleo de objetos no DB4O necessrio consultar o objeto que se deseja remover e utilizar o mtodo delete, definido na classe ObjectCo ntainer.2.4 Passo a passo para implementao de uma aplicao utilizando o DB4OO DB4O consiste em um arquivo .jar apenas, ento o primeiro passo (aps realizar o download do DB4O) verificar qual .jar utilizar. Nesse caso, utilizamos o DB4o-7.4-java5.jar, pois o indicado para que utiliza o JDK 5 ou 6.3 Etapas do desenvolvimento de aplicao utilizando JPAEste captulo apresenta o passo-a-passo para desenvolvimento de aplicao utilizando o framework JPA.3.1 Softwares utilizadosOs seguintes softwares foram utilizados para a implementao dos servios.Eclipse Ganymede verso 3.4.0 (possui OpenJPA nativo) JDK 1.5 Hibernate MySQL3.2 Introduo ao JPAO Java Persistence API (JPA) um produto implementado pela SUN, especificado para oferecer uma persistncia transparente de objetos Java. O OpenJPA uma implementao disponibilizada como software livre, desenvolvida pela Apache Software Foundation baseada no JPA produzido pela SUN.O JPA define um padro de mapeamento dos objetos do modelo orientado a objetos p ara o modelo relacional, trazendo as vantagens dos dois mundos a programao orientada a objetos, paradigma consagrado de desenvolvimento e os bancos de dados relacionais, igualmente consagrados em termos de utilizao e desempenho. Alm disso, a tecnologia possui amplo suporte pela maioria dos das grandes empresas do mercado Apache, Oracle, BEA, JBoss.As camadas que compe o framework para o mapeamento objeto-relacional utilizando JPA podem ser visualizadas na Figura 14O JPA prov uma API simples e padronizada de persistncia para Java SE e Java EE. Essa padronizao permite a modularizao do provedor JPA que oferecido em diversas verses por vrios desenvolvedores, dando a opo de escolha o usurio final. A padronizao da tecnologia permite o aumento da produtividade e o uso de anotaes (Annotations) simplifica a configurao das entidades. Seus objetos so baseados em classes POJO (Plain Old Java Objects) e sua implementao oferece suporte a herana e polimorfismo.O JPA compatvel com a linguagem de consulta Java Persistence Query Language (JP-QL) que utiliza uma sintaxe prxima a SQL, porm voltada para consulta de entidades e suas propriedades, criando independncia em relao modelagem fsica do banco de dados. A JPQL capaz de realizar consultas estticas (named queries) e consultas dinmicas e permite a construo de consultas complexas.Portanto, o JPA uma soluo completa para mapeamento e persistncia de objetos, sendo composto pelo modo declarativo de descrever mapeamento O/R, linguagem de consulta e recursos para manipulao de entidades.3.3 Metodologia de desenvolvimentoAps a definio do modelo relacional, desenvolvem-se as classes POJO referentes as tabelas no banco de dados. Ento se insere as anotaes (annotations) que declaram que a classe possui uma respectiva tabela no banco de dados. Entretanto, ainda necessrio registrar essas classes no arquivo persistence.xml, que ser utilizado para definir o subconjunto de classes que podero ser gerenciadas. Ao escrever o cdigo, dever ser instanciada um objeto do tipo EntityManagerFactory passando o arquivo persistence.xml como parmetro. A partir deste objeto, criado outro do tipo EntityManager, responsvel por gerenciar o ciclo de vida das entidades que esto registradas.Ao iniciar a manipulao dos objetos, necessrio iniciar uma transao e ento registrar os comandos CRUD para serem executados. Ento, ao final, realiza-se o commit ou rollback destas operaes.A Figura 15 resume o fluxo de mapeamento objeto-relacional seguido pelo JPA.3.4 Passo a passo para implementao de uma aplicao utilizando JPAO primeiro passo para iniciar a implementao de uma aplicao utilizando o framework JPA baixar os arquivos JAR necessrios para realizar as importaes das classes que sero utilizadas no programa.Como ser utilizado como provedor JPA (Figura 2) o framework de persistncia Hibernate, os seguintes pacotes sero necessrios Hibernate Core, Hibernate Annotations e Hibernate Entity Manager, que esto disponveis em http//sourceforge.net/projec ts/hibernate/files/. No desenvolvimento da aplicao foram utilizadas as verses 3.2.0.GA do Hibernate Core, 3.3.0 GA do Hibernate Annotations e 3.3.1.GA do Hibernate Entity Manager. Cabe salientar que pacotes de outras verses do Hibernate podem resultar em falhas e erros inesperados em relao aos procedimentos realizados neste relatrio.O number one wood JDBC para o MySQL tambm necessrio e pode ser baixado no site oficial do MySQL, em http//dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/5.1.html. Para o desenvolvimento da aplicao foi utilizado a verso 5.1.7 do driver JDBC para o MySQL.Em posse dos arquivos necessrios, iniciam-se os passos para o desenvolvimento da aplicao no Eclipse.4 ConclusoConforme apresentado, o desenvolvimento utilizando bancos de dados orientado a objetos apresenta diversas facilidades em relao proposta tradicional de desenvolvimento e proposta de mapeamento objeto-relacional. Essas vantagens so as seguintesModelagem mais real permite que o seu modelo de classes seja o s eu modelo de armazenamento de dados, pois armazena exatamente os objetos como eles foram criados para serem armazenados, sem necessidade de nenhum tipo de transformaoRepresentao de dados com formatos variveis no relacional, as tuplas precisam ser homogneas e os atributos atmicos, enquanto que no OO isso no necessrio. possvel ter dados em formatos variveis.Facilidade de instalao e utilizao mais fcil e rpido instalar o DB4o do que algum banco de dados relacional, pois no necessrio configurar e criar um banco de dados previamente, nem necessrio realizar um modelo relacional, fsico e lgico, pois o prprio modelo de classes a representao dos dados no bancoMas, existem alguns problemas nessa tecnologia. Alguns j foram citados anteriormenteStored procedures No existem stored procedures ou triggers, sendo necessrio programar na aplicao essas funes, o que pode fazer cair o desempenho do sistemaO modelo relacional j est consolidado no mercado, acumulando anos de estudo e aprimoramento, o ferecendo bom desempenho, mecanismos de otimizao, tratamento de concorrncia.5 RefernciasVasiliev, Yuli, 2008, Querying JPA Entities with JPQL and Native SQL Disponvel em http//www.oracle.com/ applied science/pub/articles/vasiliev-jpql.html.Apache Software Fundation, Apache JPA Users Guide Disponvel em http//JPA.apache.org/builds/latest/docs/manual/manual.pdf.OLIVEIRA, H.E.M, 2008, JPA Passo a Passo, TDC The Developers Conference 2008 Disponvel em http//www.thedevelopersconference.com.br/arquivos/TDC2008Floripa-jpa-henrique.pdfDB4Objects, DB4O Tutorial Disponvel em http//developer.db4o.com/files/folders/db4o_74/entry49672.aspxENGIEL, P., 2008, Comparao entre as formas de persistir a programao orientada a objetos