Lesson Plan Essay Example For Students

Lesson Plan Essay LESSON PLANTITLE: TouchGrade Level: Pre-school (12-18 months)Subject: Language development, vocabulary enrichment, and scienceSource: www.lessonplanspage.comMaterials: â€Å"feelie bucket†Items of different textureTime: 15-30 minutesObjective: The child will be introduced to sensory descriptors, including smooth, rough, hard, and soft. The child will understand that objects can be described with one or more of these words, such as smooth and hard. Procedure: 1. Introduce the sense of touch by asking students what they can do with there hands. Lead the class to see that they touch things with their hands,and then ask them if everything feels the same when they touch it. You may have to lead the discussion by asking them how the carpet or floorfeels. Introduce the words rough, smooth, hard and soft. Be sure to give examples of each so that the students can begin to associate these words with concrete examples. 2. Place the â€Å"feelie bucket on the floor during circle time. Have eachstudent put there hand into the bucket and pull an item out. Ask the children to describe the item they have found. Encourage the children to touch all or the objects. Assessments: Ask children later in the day to describe the way things feel. Repeatthe activity a few days later and see if the children can identify theobjects by their appropriate desciptive words. Education Essays

Managerial Economics

Every organization faces numerous problems and challenges. Some of them are minor, the others are crucial. Many come as a part of the company’s planning process, and some are brought due to certain new opportunities. Whatever they are, decision-making process lies at the very core.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Managerial Economics – A pharmaceutical Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is always a delicate balance between a desire to maximize company’s revenue and success and an increased risk to make things worse. Managerial economics ‘largely uses the body of economic concepts and principles’, which can help to make a decision making easier by considering such factors as supply and demand, cost-benefit, market structure, efficiency and others (Atmanand 2009, p. 11). In this paper, I will describe and analyze according to managerial economics concepts a challenge that an organization I have worked in once faced. A Challenge Description A pharmaceutical company faces a significant research and development decision (so-called RD). To get a new drug to merchandise, a company has to invest in medical research. Moreover, the firm can choose between two different research approaches and, accordingly, get either low fixed costs and high variable costs or vice versa. Why is This Decision Complicated? In the situation described above, a decision that needs to be taken is whether to commercialize the research or not. Besides, if the company does decide to invest, which approach should it choose? The biggest difficulty here is a period of time since nobody can be sure when the research would be completed – it can take a decade or even more. Besides, no guarantees about the outcomes can be made because all efforts still can come to nothing. Moreover, ‘even after significant investment and results the launch of a firm’s product in a m arket is not certain †¦ because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) †¦ can approve or reject a firms petition to launch in the market’ (Rao 2014, p. 2). There are also other factors to take into consideration, such as the market value of a future product and the costs of the research. Additionally to the question of costs, there is a dilemma about fixed and variable expenses.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Six Steps of Managerial Economics To understand this problem better and find an adequate solution, let us define six steps of a decision-making process of managerial economics. Defining a Problem The first step is determining a question and clarifying a decision that has to be made. According to Samuelson and Marks (2012, p. 6), at this stage, it is important to answer the following questions: ‘What is the problem the manager faces? Who is t he decision maker? What is the decision setting or context, and how does it influence managerial objectives or options?’. The problem is already accurately described above. It is whether to invest or not and what exactly approach to choose. The decision maker is a director of the company. Finally, this issue has a direct impact on business objectives and options because if the company does not invest, it has to find alternative ways to get a new product to market. Defining the Objective At the second step, an organization has to determine precisely its goals and objectives, as well as consider possible outcomes (Samuelson and Marks 2012, p. 7). The goal of the pharmaceutical company, first of all, is to succeed and increase its revenue. Since the pharmaceutical industry is ‘fundamentally based in research and development (RD)’, for this purpose, an organization is planning to commercialize a particular study and get a unique and brand new product to sell (Schweit zer 2007, p. 21). There are three major outcomes here: research does not succeed at all, it succeeds but does not meet the company’s demands (such as the period of time or the quality of an end-product), or the result of the research satisfies the company completely. Consequently, the RD decision can become either a valuable investment (in a varying degree) or a waste of the company’s budget. Finding and Exploring the Alternatives Investments are always the ‘trade-offs between present and future benefits and costs’ (Samuelson and Marks 2012, p. 8). Commercializing the project means sacrificing profits today in order to get possible greater benefits in several years (from 5 to 10 in this case). Hence, it is the main alternative – to get the profit quicker, but less of it. At this step, a decision maker should also determine the variables that are under his or her control (Samuelson and Marks 2012, p. 9). The research outcome is unpredictable while ea rnings that can be made in not so distant future are more accurate and specific. On the other hand, without a new product to sell a drug company usually gets only average incomes.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Managerial Economics – A pharmaceutical Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides the biggest dilemma, there are also several others. For example, if an organization decides to invest, it, in its turn, brings a lot of alternatives, such as the sphere of investigation, the expenses of the research, a firm or company to invest in and so on. An organization has different options, actually: considering a biochemical RD program, biogenetic program, etc. Samuelson and Marks (2012, p. 9) state that ‘most managerial decisions involve more than a once-and-for-all choice from among a set of options’, and that is true. To increase its chances, the company can pursue various programs at the same time or in sequence. There is also an option to invest in several programs but commercialize the one that turns up to be more promising after some time of observation. The last alternative is about fixed and variable costs. Besides, an organization can always conduct research in-house if it has enough facilities and resources for that. Predicting the Consequences The obvious next step is building a model based on the impact every possible company’s decision will have on its regular work. In case the pharmaceutical firm does not invest at all and can not conduct its own in-house research, it has no chances to provide a new drug; therefore, there is a risk of business decline. On the other hand, if it invests and loses the money (entirely or partly), this will hit on the budget. A situation in which the company focuses on several projects either to invest in them simultaneously or to supply both of those and then commercialize the most promising one has the least ad verse effects in the future. The last consequence to predict is the one of choosing fixed and variable expenses. According to Sexton (2015, p. 296), ‘fixed costs are those costs that do not vary with the level of output’. Variable costs, respectively, depend on the company’s production volume. Therefore, by choosing small variable costs, the drug company will be in pole position if the research succeeds. On the other hand, if an investigation comes to nothing or does not meet the company’s demands completely, an organization can minimize the negative impact of that by choosing low fixed costs. Besides, this decision should depend on the ratio between the costs needed to produce the drug and its price on the market. The demand for an end-product should also be taken into consideration. Making a Choice According to Samuelson and Marks (2012. p. 11), ‘this step (along with step 4) occupies the lion’s share of the analysis and discussion’. When all possible outcomes and their impacts on business are already predicted, a decision maker can determine a preferred course of action. So, the pharmaceutical company chooses the research approach with low variable costs. Besides, it also decides to conduct its own study.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performing Sensitivity Analysis ‘In tackling and solving a decision problem, it is important to understand and be able to explain to others the â€Å"why† of your decision’ (Samuelson Marks 2012, p. 12). Firstly, the drug company considers the RD productivity, which can be defined ‘as the relationship between the value (medical and commercial) created by a new medicine†¦ and the investments required to generate that medicine’ (Paul et al. 2010, p. 204). Since the research the company is going to invest in is aimed to develop a medication to dissolve blood clots, it has high both medical and commercial value. Secondly, to minimize its risks in case the research does not succeed, an organization chooses low fixed costs. Finally, as far as the company has enough recourses to do this, it also decides to conduct the in-house research as well. So, all possible risks are calculated and prevented, and the decision is adequate. Reference List Atmanand. 2009. Managerial Economics. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Excel Books India. Paul, S. M., Mytelka, D. S., Dunwiddie, C. T., Persinger, C. C., Munos, B. H., Lindborg, S. R. Schacht, A. R. (2010) How to improve RD productivity: the pharmaceutical industry’s grand challenge. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 9, pp.203-214. Rao, A. 2014. Entry and Investment Decisions in the Pharmaceutical Industry Web. Samuelson, W. F. Marks S. G. 2012. Managerial Economics. 7th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Schweitzer, S. O. 2007. Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sexton, R. 2015. Exploring Economics. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. This case study on Managerial Economics – A pharmaceutical Company was written and submitted by user Sasha Carroll to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Riordan Manufacturing †Hardware and Software Essay Example

Riordan Manufacturing – Hardware and Software Essay Riordan Manufacturing – Hardware and Software Introduction One of the top priorities at Riordan and many other businesses is guarding against loss, theft, and waste of the company assets. According to Bagranoff, Simkin Strand protecting these assets means an organization must focus on developing and implementing an internal control system. Further, the internal control system must also be capable of performing other functions like assisting in ensuring data processing is dependable and encouraging operational efficiency within the business (2008, p. 40). This paper will initially identify the hardware and software necessary to integrate the conversion cycle into an automated system at Riordan. Then, the information that needs to be shared between the different cycles and who will need access to this information will be discussed. Next, what controls need to be in place and the types of reports that need to be generated will be examined. Lastly, what information should be avai lable through Internet and corporate intranet will be discussed. Hardware and Software Necessary The essential key to the integration of the conversion cycle is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System. ERP is a way to integrate the data and processes of an organization into a single system. Usually ERP systems will have many components including hardware and software, in order to achieve integration, however, most ERP systems use a unified database to store data for various functions found throughout the organization (techfaq, 2008). Todays ERP systems can cover a wide range of functions and integrate these functions into one unified database. For instance, functions such as human resources, supply chain management, customer relations management, financials, manufacturing functions and warehouse management functions were all once stand alone software applications. These functions were usually housed with their own database and network. Today, they can all fit under one umbrella the ERP system (techfaq, 2008). Shared Information The information that needs to be shared between departments at Riordan Manufacturing is purchase orders, invoices, work orders, customer orders and customer billing. We will write a custom essay sample on Riordan Manufacturing – Hardware and Software specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Riordan Manufacturing – Hardware and Software specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Riordan Manufacturing – Hardware and Software specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many different departments of Riordan will need access to various levels of the new system. For example, the research and marketing supervisor will need access to the system to confirm what supplies production has on hand and what supplies still need to be obtained. The product department supervisor needs access to the system to keep oversee labor, supplies, budget and deliveries. The workers in production need system access to input supplies used, output produced and quantity of hours spent on producing a product. The billing department needs system access to charge costs to the proper department. The President, CEO, COO, and CFO need system access to view the entire system, from month end reports down to payment reports (Moss and Stine, 1993). Although, normally there is no requirement for upper and middle level management to examine the lower level reports, questions periodically arise from the monthly and annual reports that require investigation. During these occurrences management will use date gathered from various sources like inventory and labor reports. Controls To integrate the accounts receivable process into an automated system for Riordan Manufacturing, management needs to reduce the likelihood of risks happening in the future. To reduce the risk, management should identify possible events that represent a problem to the firm then determine the appropriate internal controls to implement to deter those problems from occurring (Dunn, Cherrington Hollander, 2004). â€Å"Internal control describes the policies, plans, and procedures implemented by a firm to protect its assets† (Bagranoff, Simkin Strand, 2008, p. 40). Three types of controls that need to be operational for the business to reduce risk and function optimally are preventive controls, detective controls, and corrective controls. Preventative controls are the initial level of protection an organization implements to discourage problems from occurring. At this level risked are analyzed and solutions are implemented to prevent problems. When the preventive control has faile d a detective control is implemented. This control is designed to uncover an undesired problem that has transpired (Dunn, et al, 2004). The third control is the corrective control, which is designed to restore a system to an approved or last known good state. A company usually establishes corrective controls to remedy problems that are discovered by the detective controls. One advisable procedure that can be implemented for this control is establishing training programs that educate employees about how to use the new automated system that can help them perform their job functions more efficiently and effectively. It is imperative to understand that for the integration, any control strategy has to be tailored to address the risks to objectives that management identifies as unacceptable. The objective should be detecting risks that are materially threatening the goals of the organization and reducing them to the point that management is more willing to accept. Generated Reports The reports that need to be generated in an automated system are customer orders, purchase requisitions, labor requests, and general reports. Customer orders dictate what items are manufactured and what quantities need to be supplied in a specified time frame (Dunn, et al, 2004). At Riordan, purchase requisitions are important because they exhibit the materials that need to be purchased to manufacture customer orders. Labor requests are used to dictate the number of employees needed for each job order as well as the timeframe the job will occur. General reports are used to inform management and other supervisors of the results of inventory expended and labor used to accomplish a job. Internet and Intranet Riordan will have some reports available on the Internet for stockholders and outside interests to access. These reports will include quarterly and annual reports that will be uploaded after being approved by the CFO. This will allow research into the financial standings of Riordan in order to show the financial stability of the company and the strength of the stock holdings. There will also be a corporate intranet available to all internal interests. Most reports will be available on this system in order to keep satellite locations aware of financial decisions and information. The IT department will give different access to the various levels of the company through the use of password protection. As described in the access section above, not all levels will need to view all reports. Conclusion By making one of the top priorities at Riordan guarding against loss, theft, and waste of the company assets, the company enjoys the success in business. Riordan accomplishes this task by focusing on developing and implementing an internal control system that is capable of performing other functions like assisting in ensuring data processing is dependable and encouraging operational efficiency within the business. This paper initially identified the hardware and software necessary to integrate the conversion cycle into an automated system at Riordan. Then, the information that needs to be shared between the different cycles and who will need access to this information was discussed. Next, what controls need to be in place and the types of reports that need to be generated were examined. Lastly, what information should be available through Internet and corporate intranet was discussed. Reference Bagranoff, N. A. , Simkin, M. G. , Strand, C.. Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed. ) Wiley, 2008 New York, NY Dunn C. L. , Cherrington J. O. , Hollander A. S. (2004). Enterprise Information Systems: A Pattern- Based Approach, 3e. The McGraw-Hill Companies, copyright 2004. Moss, Jimmy D. , and Bert Stine. Cash Conversion Cycle and Firm Size: A Study of Retail Firms. Managerial Finance. December 1993 Techfaq. (2008). What is ERP? Retrieved August 15, 2008, from techFaq Web site: http://www. tech-faq. com/erp. shtml

Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Essays

Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Essays Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Paper Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Paper Essay Topic: Utilitarianism The negative association with sex outside of marriage arises due to the many consequences it could have; such as the broken trust that follows due to the violation of the vows taken inferno of God. With infidelity that has been committed by the women brings uncertainty on who the father is of any offspring this is frowned upon as men do not want to spend money and time on children that are not theirs. Also sex outside of marriage can also spread disease to the innocent which could cause physical and emotional pain. Utilitarianism only asks whether sexual behavior will cause harm or give pleasure: if, on balance, it produces more pleasure than harm, then its good. This isnt an excuse for wholesale rape and promiscuity; you have to think of your own pleasure, but also your partners and everybody else who would be affected. This is known as the harm principle and it rules out rape, adultery in most cases and other harmful, coercive or deceitful sexual behaviors. Jeremy Bantams writings on the law of marriage are firmly based on the principle of utility, the greatest happiness principle, which asserts that all human actions are motivated by a wish to avoid pain and gain pleasure. Beneath placed sexual love, which he described as physical sire, in the category of self-regarding motives for human behavior, along with pecuniary interest, love of power, and self preservation. Therefore in the course of drafting a utilitarian law of marriage Beneath set out an explanation of the pleasures and pains of sexual love. His discussions led him far beyond the confines of legal marriage and into the realm of what would today be described as gender relations. These might be homosexual, heterosexual, monogamous or otherwise, within or outside of marriage. Bantams views on sex and the principle of utility are dad particularly clear when he writes about wives, prostitutes and mistresses, and it was in this context that Beneath made his radical suggestion for short-term marriages. Utilitarianism is seen as a liberal approach to sexual ethics and those who are liberal beings would believe this to be the best approach for them However it is still difficult in practice to measure if the pleasure outweighs the pain and who directly gets hurt. The utilitarian approach is too liberal and allows for the slippery slope effect to take place where anything could in affect be Justified by stating that he greatest happiness is being maximized. A Christian approach to extra marital sex such as natural law will have a more rigid and stricter approach. The majority of churches today follow biblical principles, encouraging marriage as the right environment for sex. The Roman Catholic Church gives clear teaching on this: every genital act must be within the framework of marriage. If people do not follow this then they do not reach their full potential and reach demimondaine. Sex outside of marriage is forbidden. This allows people to make clear decisions when considering pinion this is the best approach as since the sexual revolution of the sasss, Britain has witnessed increased numbers of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Fixed moral and religious rules would have prevented these problems. Utilitarianism is not an appropriate approach to extra marital sex as it is too liberal and can allow the potential for abuse. Sex is a sacred activity which should take place in the commitment of marriage; during a marriage ceremony, Anglicans vow with my body I thee worship.

Employer of a court ruling that a clause or a contract is a sham Essay

Employer of a court ruling that a clause or a contract is a sham - Essay Example In most cases, sham employment contracts are the result of denial of mutuality by a provision indicating that the organization or employer does not offer any specific tasks and the alleged employee does not assume to do it (Cabrelli, 2014). Similarly, denial of personal service by introducing a contractual clause indicating that the individual employee can substitute his or her absence by sending someone else to undertake the work is another unfair act by the employer. Contractor agreements normally contain such clauses and their existence suggests that the person does not meet the description of â€Å"worker† in common law as there is no requirement to execute out the tasks â€Å"personally†. Regardless, if neither the person nor the organization ever contemplated the future obligation to bring a substitute in the ‘worker’s’ absence regardless of the lack of common intent to lie to any third party, courts would determine the working arrangement as â€Å"sham† (Painter, & Holmes, 2012). In most cases, the ensuing situation technically changes the position of the person from expressly-stated â€Å"contractor† to a practical â€Å"worker† by virtue of his or her subsequent behaviour. As Cabrelli (2014) noted, when the seemingly harsh and unreasonable outcomes on the â€Å"worker† have been delineated, courts have demonstrated their willingness to enforce the contract as it would be employment contract. Regardless, various court interventions have raised serious problems since the known connotation of a sham remains somehow vague in commercial law. This is especially true in situations where both parties to an employment pact are guilty of misrepresentation to deceive third parties, where it is held that such action does not constitute a sham. The clearest proof of confusion in the common sense understanding of a sham provision is that it has never been consensually enforced (Davies, 2009). The

The Notion of True Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Notion of True Belief - Essay Example This paper will begin with a brief introduction to some of the crucial, but general aspects of the author’s position, and in turn, proceed to a more pointed discussion of the nature of the notion of belief, according to Audi. According to Audi, the notion of ‘belief’ can loosely be translated as opinion or belief, and it is a term which comes from the Ancient Greek. To claim, or to maintain that there is an ideal form of a belief, is to defend the belief in some sense. For Audi , he presents at the first level, the notion of a belief in terms of the connection with the notion of knowledge â€Å"through acquaintance† [Audi, 2003, p. 36], which is a notion which was developed by Russell. He argues that there is sufficient evidence, through the knowledge by acquaintance notion that a belief is justified as a form of knowledge if the object of the belief in question has some form of ‘propositional content’ or â€Å"inference from propositions abou t them† [Audi, 2003, p. 36]. That is, where there is a correspondence between the propositional content on the one hand, and on the other hand, the belief which there is supposed to be a relation with. For example, and in keeping with Russell’s notion of acquaintance, there is a difference between the propositional content of a sensible referent, and one which is connected with rationality or mathematics [Audi, 2003, p. 58]. That is, if I can say that I believe that the sun will rise tomorrow, it follows that the propositional content of the belief in question refers to a sensible phenomena on the one hand, and the laws of probability or the nature of experience which would lead me to believe in such a proposition [Audi, 2003, p. 37]. However, those which are connected with acquaintance are a form of knowledge where the propositional content does not necessarily have a sensible referent involved. For example, the belief in the truth of a mathematical proposition. For ex ample, it might be said that the proposition F(N){N +1 + 1 . . .}, is a proposition which has a potentially infinite chain of sequences of integers which will follow. This is an example of knowledge by acquaintance in the following regard: first, it is not a form of propositional content which has a truth which is guaranteed through experience, and second, it is obvious that nobody could experience this in the first place. However, there is the experience of acquaintance. That is, the familiarity with the mathematical reasoning involved with the proposition. That is, where the consequence which cannot necessarily be demonstrated through ‘sense’, can be demonstrated by the very rules of mathematics. As is noted by Audi, this has always been an important aspect for the consideration of theological or religious questions in the â€Å"medieval† context, which he describes in terms of the â€Å"analytic† dimensions of the concept of belief [Audi, 2003, p. 97]. As Audi points out in these pages, the notion of form which is connected to analytic truths are important in a number of senses which are germane to the notion of acquaintance. As a form of knowledge which is of rational truths, it is not the case that the truths are guaranteed by anything more than the rules which govern the given proposition, and it is important that they are known to be beyond sense experience, and hence, beyond the form of reductive thinking which

Should be Abortion be Allowed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should be Abortion be Allowed - Essay Example According to the essay very important reason as to why abortion is not right and therefore should be condemned is because there are very many other safe options to whatever the problem a pregnancy poses in one’s life. The United States alone has over2 million that are unable to get their own children and therefore are more than willing to adopt. It would be more human and wise on the part of a woman who finds herself with an unwanted pregnancy to give birth and then give the baby up for adoption as this will allow the baby enjoy life. Ending a baby’s life is therefore an act of cruelty and selfishness as one sacrifices a precious life that would have been loved and raised by other willing parents. From this study it is clear that abortion can also be harmful to the mother; by deciding to procure an abortion a woman places her life at get risk of being negatively affected. Psychiatrists have opined that over 65% of women who have had abortions are found to show the signs of post-traumatic stress disorder afterwards. Many women end up in depression since they regret their actions and this can really affect their health. Other medical effects can also follow such as failure to failure to conceive in future, sicknesses and even in some cases. It physically affects the victim in a way that is dangerous. Abortion in itself is also brutal as the life of a living baby is taken away in a manner that is painful. It is therefore by all means wrong for someone to imagine ending a baby’s life in a way that is harmful. Even with many adverse effects of abortions those people who belong to the pro-choice school believe abortion should be left to the choice of the individual. According to this school thought the woman should be left to choose what is done in, on and with her body. This is agreeable across the board since everyone has the constitutional right of choice but the bone of controversy arises when life of an innocent is involved.